Double dissociations and neurophysiological expectations

Double dissociations are among the most highly regarded and influential evidence for particular modular divisions of cognitive performance. We present here a method for obtaining double dissociations across any task, even within an avowedly indivisible and unmodular system. We argue that the existence of double dissociations is not necessarily evidential and suggest what sort of additional evidence would be necessary to support the desired conclusions. We suggest that the idea of expected behavior after injury is important and should receive more attention.