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Related Concept Videos

Diversity of Protists II01:27

Diversity of Protists II

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Alveolates are a group of organisms recognized by the presence of alveoli, which are cytoplasmic sacs located beneath the cell membrane. While their function remains uncertain, alveoli may help regulate water balance by controlling how much water enters and leaves the cell. In dinoflagellates, these structures may serve as armor plates. There are three major types of alveolates: ciliates, which move using cilia; dinoflagellates, which use flagella for movement; and apicomplexans, which are...
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Diversity of Protists I01:15

Diversity of Protists I

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Excavata is a diverse group of protists that includes both chemoorganotrophic and phototrophic species, with some thriving in anaerobic environments. Among the key groups within Excavata are diplomonads and parabasalids, which are flagellated protists that lack mitochondria and chloroplasts. These microorganisms typically inhabit anoxic environments, such as the intestines of animals, where they exist either symbiotically or as parasites, relying on fermentation for energy production. Some...
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Among the three main modes of HGT—transformation, conjugation, and transduction—transduction is unique in that it is mediated by bacteriophages, or bacterial viruses.Transduction occurs in two ways. Generalized transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection. In this process, bacteriophages infect bacterial cells, replicate within them, and ultimately cause cell lysis, releasing newly assembled virions. Occasionally, random fragments of the bacterial genome...
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Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Natural Selection and Adaptation01:15

Natural Selection and Adaptation

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Natural selection, a fundamental concept in evolutionary biology, is the mechanism by which evolution is driven, favoring organisms that are best adapted to their environments. This process enhances their chances of survival and reproduction. Adaptation, a key outcome of this process, involves genetic modifications that optimize an organism's functionality under specific environmental challenges, such as extreme cold or thinner air at high altitudes.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 3, 2026

QTL Mapping and CRISPR/Cas9 Editing to Identify a Drug Resistance Gene in Toxoplasma gondii
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Parasite adaptation to locally common host genotypes.

C M Lively1, M F Dybdahl

  • 1Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington 47405-3700, USA. clively@indiana.edu

Nature
|June 23, 2000
PubMed
Summary

Parasites adapt locally by disproportionately infecting common host genotypes, supporting the Red Queen hypothesis. This evolutionary arms race drives parasite adaptation and sexual reproduction in parasite populations.

Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Ecology
  • Parasitology

Background:

  • The Red Queen hypothesis posits that host-parasite interactions drive constant co-evolutionary adaptation and counter-adaptation.
  • Parasite success on common host genotypes may correlate with parasite sexual reproduction and local adaptation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if local adaptation in parasites is driven by disproportionate infection of common host genotypes.
  • To determine if commonness of host genotypes, or other factors, explains this infection pattern.

Main Methods:

  • A reciprocal cross-inoculation experiment was conducted.
  • Parasites from sympatric and allopatric regions were used.
  • Parasite infection rates on common versus rare host genotypes were analyzed.

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Main Results:

  • Sympatric parasites infected common host genotypes more frequently than rare ones.
  • Allopatric parasites did not show a significant difference in infection rates between common and rare host genotypes.
  • Parasites from a mixed source (F1 hybrids) also showed no preference for common or rare host genotypes.

Conclusions:

  • Local adaptation in parasites arises from tracking locally common host genotypes.
  • This finding supports a key condition of the Red Queen hypothesis regarding co-evolutionary dynamics.