Elongation of axolotl tailbud embryos requires GPI-linked proteins and organizer-induced, active, ventral trunk...

Application of phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C to early tailbud stage axolotl embryos reveals that a specific subset of morphogenetic movements requires glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-linked cell-surface proteins. These include pronephric duct extension, "gill bulge" formation, and embryonic elongation along the anteroposterior axis. The work of Kitchin (1949, J. Exp. Zool. 112, 393-416) led to the conclusion that extension of the notochord provided the motive force driving anteroposterior stretching in axolotl embryos, elongation of other tissues being a passive response. We therefore conjectured that axial mesoderm cells might display the GPI-linked proteins required for elongation of the embryo. However, we show here that removal of most of the neural plate and axial and paraxial mesoderm prior to neural tube closure does not prevent elongation of ventrolateral tissues. Tissue-extirpation and tissue-marking experiments indicate that elongation of the ventral trunk occurs via active, directed tissue rearrangements within the endoderm, directed by signals emanating from the blastopore region. Extension of both dorsal and ventral tissues requires GPI-linked proteins. We conclude that elongation of axolotl embryos requires active cell rearrangements within ventral as well as axial tissues. The fact that both types of elongation are prevented by removal of GPI-linked proteins implies that they share a common molecular mechanism.