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Surface characterization of titanium-based implant materials.

H E Placko1, S Mishra, J J Weimer

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham 35294, USA. placko@atax.eng.uab.edu

The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants
|June 30, 2000
PubMed
Summary
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Surface treatments affect titanium and titanium alloy properties. Electropolished and grit-blasted surfaces showed similar large-scale roughness, while electropolished and polished surfaces had similar small-scale roughness, with primarily titanium dioxide detected.

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Surface Engineering
  • Biomaterials

Background:

  • Commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti) and titanium-6% aluminum-4% vanadium (Ti-6Al-4V) alloy are widely used in biomedical applications.
  • Surface properties significantly influence the performance and biocompatibility of titanium implants.
  • Understanding the impact of surface treatments on titanium's morphology and chemistry is crucial for optimizing its use.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of polished, electropolished, and grit-blasted surface treatments on CP-Ti and Ti-6Al-4V.
  • To characterize the surface morphology and chemical composition resulting from different treatments.
  • To compare the surface roughness and oxide layer characteristics across various treatment methods.

Main Methods:

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  • Surface morphology and chemistry were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Auger microprobe analysis (AMA), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).
  • Quantitative roughness measurements were performed at both large and small scales.
  • Surface elemental composition and oxide states were determined.

    • Main Results:

    • Surface roughness was comparable between grit-blasted and electropolished samples at large scales, and between electropolished and polished samples at small scales.
    • The primary surface oxide on both titanium materials, regardless of treatment, was titanium dioxide (TiO2).
    • Vanadium was not detected on the Ti-6Al-4V alloy surface using XPS and AMA, suggesting potential surface depletion. Calcium was found on grit-blasted surfaces, and calcium and chlorine were detected on electropolished surfaces.

    Conclusions:

    • Surface treatments significantly alter the topography and chemistry of titanium and its alloys.
    • Electropolishing and grit-blasting offer comparable large-scale roughness, while electropolishing and conventional polishing yield similar small-scale roughness.
    • The presence of contaminants like calcium and chlorine on specific treated surfaces warrants further investigation for biomedical implications.