Structure-specific effects of thyroxine analogs on human liver 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

The NADP(H)-linked oxidoreductase activity of a major isozyme of human liver 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was activated 5-, 4-, and 2-fold by D-thyroxine (T(4)), L-T(4) and DL-3,3', 5'-triiodothyronine (reverse T(3)), respectively. Kinetic analysis of the activation indicated that D-T(4), L-T(4), and reverse T(3) are non-essential activators, showing binding constants of 1.5, 1.1, and 3.6 microM, respectively. Comparison of the effects of the T(4) analogs on the activities of the mutant enzymes suggests that the binding site is composed of at least Lys-270, Arg-276, and the C-terminal loop of the enzyme. L-T(3), DL-thyronine, and D-tyrosine had no effect on the enzyme, but 3,5,3',5'-tetra- and 3,5, 3'-tri-iodo thyropropionic acids were potent competitive inhibitors with K(i) values of 42 and 60 nM, respectively, with respect to the substrate. The inhibition constant was lowered upon the activation of the enzyme by D-T(4), and the inhibition by the deamino derivatives of T(4) and T(3) disappeared upon modification of the C-terminal loop of the enzyme, but not upon replacement of Lys-270 or Arg-276 with Met. These results indicate that, depending on their structures, the T(4) analogs bind differently to two distinct sites at the active center of the enzyme to produce stimulatory and inhibitory effects.