Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 14, 2026

In vitro Cell Culture Model for Toxic Inhaled Chemical Testing
Published on: May 8, 2014
Setting safe acute exposure limits for halon replacement chemicals using physiologically based pharmacokinetic
A Vinegar1, G W Jepson, M Cisneros
1AFRL/HEST, ManTech Environmental Technology, Inc., Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, PO Box 31009, Dayton, OH 45437, USA. allen.vinegar@he.wpafb.af.mil
Abstract:
Most proposed replacements for Halon 1301 as a fire suppressant are halogenated hydrocarbons. The acute toxic endpoint of concern for these agents is cardiac sensitization. An approach is described that links the cardiac endpoint as assessed in dogs to a target arterial concentration in humans. Linkage was made using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model. Monte Carlo simulations, which account for population variability, were used to establish safe exposure times at different exposure concentrations for Halon 1301 (bromotrifluoromethane), CF(3)I (trifluoroiodomethane), HFC-125 (pentafluoroethane), HFC-227ea (1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane), and HFC-236fa (1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane). Application of the modeling technique described here not only makes use of the conservative cardiac sensitization endpoint, but also uses an understanding of the pharmacokinetics of the chemical agents to better establish standards for safe exposure. The combined application of cardiac sensitization data and physiologically based modeling provides a quantitative approach, which can facilitate the selection and effective use of halon replacement candidates.
More Related Videos
10:10Assessment of the Acute Inhalation Toxicity of Airborne Particles by Exposing Cultivated Human Lung Cells at the Air-Liquid Interface
Published on: February 23, 2020
09:29An Air-liquid Interface Bronchial Epithelial Model for Realistic, Repeated Inhalation Exposure to Airborne Particles for Toxicity Testing
Published on: May 13, 2020
Related Concept Videos
Clearance Models: Noncompartmental Models
The noncompartmental approach capitalizes on extensive sampling data, correlating the volume of distribution to systemic exposure and the administered dosage. This method enables...
Physiological Pharmacokinetic Models: Incorporating Hepatic Transporter-Mediated Clearance
A recent model describes pravastatin's hepatobiliary excretion, mediated...
Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Relationship: Exposure, Response and Effect
Pharmacodynamic Models: Link Model and Systems Pharmacodynamic Model
Impact of Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Models: Regulatory Decisions
Toxicity Testing in Animals