alpha-latrotoxin triggers transmitter release via direct insertion into the presynaptic plasma membrane

alpha-latrotoxin, a component of black widow spider venom, binds to presynaptic nerve terminals and stimulates massive neurotransmitter release. Previous studies have demonstrated that alpha-latrotoxin first binds to two high-affinity receptors on nerve terminals, neurexins and CLs (CIRLs and latrophilins), and then executes a critical, second step of unknown nature that stimulates neurotransmitter release. We now demonstrate that incubation of alpha-latrotoxin with synaptosomes at 0 degrees C results in its peripheral membrane association. Incubation at 37 degrees C, however, converts the toxin into an operationally integral membrane protein, and induces generation of a protease-resistant fragment that consists of the entire N-terminal domain of alpha-latrotoxin and becomes protease sensitive after lysis of synaptosomes. Our data suggest that alpha-latrotoxin inserts into the presynaptic plasma membrane after receptor binding, resulting in an intracellular location of the N-terminal sequences. Membrane insertion of the N-terminal domain of alpha-latrotoxin occurs spontaneously, independently of membrane recycling or transmembrane ion gradients. We postulate that alpha-latrotoxin acts intracellularly in triggering release, and propose that non-selective cation channels induced by alpha-latrotoxin may be a by-product of membrane insertion.