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Positive and negative patterning in human causal learning.

M E Young1, E A Wasserman, J L Johnson

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242-1407, USA. michael-e-young@uiowa.edu

The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. B, Comparative and Physiological Psychology
|July 6, 2000
PubMed
Summary
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Human causal learning shows negative patterning is harder than positive patterning, especially with added cues. This challenges previous findings in human studies.

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Animal Behavior
  • Causal Learning

Background:

  • Nonhuman animals learn positive patterning easier than negative patterning.
  • Human causal learning studies have not shown this difference.
  • This study investigates human patterning discrimination.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine human participants' ability to solve positive and negative patterning problems.
  • To determine if negative patterning is more difficult for humans under specific conditions.
  • To analyze exemplar models of human causal learning.

Main Methods:

  • Within-subjects design with human participants.
  • Participants predicted outcomes based on compound cues and their elements.
  • Two experiments varied the presence of an additional contingent cue.

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Main Results:

  • Human participants successfully solved both positive and negative patterning problems.
  • Negative patterning was significantly more difficult when a 50% contingent cue was present (Experiment 2).
  • No difficulty difference was observed when the contingent cue was absent (Experiment 1).

Conclusions:

  • Human causal learning can exhibit a negative patterning deficit, contrary to some prior research.
  • The presence of extraneous contingent cues exacerbates the difficulty of negative patterning.
  • Exemplar models may need refinement to fully account for these human learning patterns.