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Related Concept Videos

Osmosis00:47

Osmosis

Approximately 60% to 95% of the weight of living organisms is attributed to water. Therefore, maintaining appropriate water balance within cells is of paramount importance. Osmosis is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane, such as a cell’s plasma membrane. In living organisms, water plays a crucial role as a solvent—a molecule that dissolves other molecules.Diffusion Versus OsmosisBoth diffusion and osmosis are types of passive transport—cellular transport that does not require...
Tonicity in Animals00:59

Tonicity in Animals

The tonicity of a solution determines if a cell gains or loses water in that solution. The tonicity depends on the permeability of the cell membrane for different solutes and the concentration of nonpenetrating solutes in the solution within and outside of the cell. If a semipermeable membrane hinders the passage of some solutes but allows water to follow its concentration gradient, water moves from the side with low osmolarity (i.e., less solute) to the side with higher osmolarity (i.e.,...
Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure of Solutions02:40

Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure of Solutions

A number of natural and synthetic materials exhibit selective permeation, meaning that only molecules or ions of a certain size, shape, polarity, charge, and so forth, are capable of passing through (permeating) the material. Biological cell membranes provide elegant examples of selective permeation in nature, while dialysis tubing used to remove metabolic wastes from blood is a more simplistic technological example. Regardless of how they may be fabricated, these materials are generally...
Osmosis01:30

Osmosis

Osmosis is the movement of free water molecules through a semipermeable membrane.  The water's concentration gradient across the membrane is inversely proportional to the solutes' concentration. Whereas diffusion transports material across membranes and within cells, osmosis transports only water across a membrane, and the membrane limits the diffusion of solutes in the water. Osmosis is a special case of diffusion.
Water, like other substances, moves from a high concentration of free water...
Tonicity in Animals01:16

Tonicity in Animals

Tonicity describes the amount of solute in a solution. The measure of the tonicity of a solution, or the total amount of solutes dissolved in a specific amount of solution, is called its osmolarity. Three terms—hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic—are used to relate the osmolarity of a cell to the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid that contains the cells. In a hypotonic solution, such as tap water, the extracellular fluid has a lower concentration of solutes than the fluid inside the cell,...
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State01:21

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State, or HHS, is a serious and life-threatening complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus. It is characterized by three main features: severe hyperglycemia, profound dehydration, and elevated serum osmolality, all occurring without significant ketoacidosis.HHS typically develops in older adults or individuals with limited access to fluids. This may result from illness, cognitive impairment, or medications such as diuretics or corticosteroids. These factors reduce...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 25, 2026

Measuring the Osmotic Water Permeability Coefficient (Pf) of Spherical Cells: Isolated Plant Protoplasts as an Example
14:20

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Published on: October 8, 2014

Hypoosmotic swelling (HOS) as a screening.

A Rota1, N Penzo, L Vincenti

  • 1Istituto di Patologia e Igiene Veterinaria, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Padua, Italy.

Theriogenology
|July 18, 2000
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The hypoosmotic swelling (HOS) test showed significant differences between bulls but did not correlate with in vitro fertility. This preliminary research suggests the HOS test may lack sensitivity for discriminating intermediate fertility semen.

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Science
  • Reproductive Biology
  • Animal Breeding

Background:

  • Semen quality is crucial for successful artificial insemination and breeding programs.
  • The hypoosmotic swelling (HOS) test is a common method to assess sperm membrane integrity.
  • Correlation between HOS test results and actual fertilizing capacity requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the correlation between the hypoosmotic swelling (HOS) test and in vitro fertilization (IVF) capacity in Piedmontese bull semen.
  • To determine if HOS test results can predict the fertilizing ability of bull spermatozoa.

Main Methods:

  • Semen from five Piedmontese bulls was analyzed using the HOS test at different preparation stages (post-thaw, post-Percoll, post-capacitation).
  • Spermatozoa were incubated in a hypoosmotic solution (100 mOsm) and assessed for tail swelling.
  • Capacitated spermatozoa were used for in vitro fertilization of bovine oocytes, followed by zygote culture.

Main Results:

  • A significant difference in HOS test response was observed among the bulls.
  • Three HOS test assays showed significant correlations with each other.
  • No significant correlation was found between the percentage of swollen spermatozoa and in vitro fertility rates.

Conclusions:

  • The HOS test demonstrated variability among bulls but did not reliably predict in vitro fertilizing capacity in this study.
  • The HOS test may not be sensitive enough to differentiate semen samples with intermediate fertility levels.
  • Further research is needed to refine HOS test protocols or explore alternative methods for assessing bull fertility.