Theoretical evaluation of the distributed power dissipation in biological cells exposed to electric fields

The paper deals with the power dissipation caused by exposure of biological cells to electric fields of various frequencies. With DC and sub-MHz AC frequencies, power dissipation in the cell membrane is of the same order of magnitude as in the external medium. At MHz and GHz frequencies, dielectric relaxation leads to dielectric power dissipation gradually increasing with frequency, and total power dissipation within the membrane rises significantly. Since such local increase can lead to considerable biochemical and biophysical changes within the membrane, especially at higher frequencies, the bulk treatment does not provide a complete picture of effects of an exposure. In this paper, we theoretically analyze the distribution of power dissipation as a function of field frequency. We first discuss conductive power dissipation generated by DC exposures. Then, we focus on AC fields; starting with the established first-order model, which includes only conductive power dissipation and is valid at sub-MHz frequencies, we enhance it in two steps. We first introduce the capacitive properties of the cytoplasm and the external medium to obtain a second-order model, which still includes only conductive power dissipation. Then we enhance this model further by accounting for dielectric relaxation effects, thereby introducing dielectric power dissipation. The calculations show that due to the latter component, in the MHz range the power dissipation within the membrane significantly exceeds the value in the external medium, while in the lower GHz range this effect is even more pronounced. This implies that even in exposures that do not cause a significant temperature rise at the macroscopic, whole-system level, the locally increased power dissipation in cell membranes could lead to various effects at the microscopic, single-cell level.