Tissue factor expression in breast cancer tissues: its correlation with prognosis and plasma concentration

Tissue factor (TF), an initiator of the extrinsic coagulation cascade, is expressed in a wide range of cancer cells and plays important roles in cancer progression and metastasis. Recently, the intracellular function of TF has been revealed to be involved in cancer invasion, independent of the blood coagulation pathway. To evaluate the clinical significance of TF expression, we performed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the plasma of 67 breast cancer patients and immunohistochemistry in 213 breast cancer tissues. In the ELISA study, we showed an up-regulation of plasma TF concentration in breast cancer patients compared with normal controls. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that TF was expressed in tumour cells and stromal cells and tumour TF expression closely correlated with stromal TF expression (P = 0.0005). The concentration of plasma TF was associated with tissue TF expression in both tumour and stroma. The multivariate analysis demonstrated that tumour TF expression was an independent prognostic indicator for overall survival (P = 0.0452). Our data show that plasma TF concentration reflects tissue TF expression and tumour TF expression can provide some predictive value for prognosis and distant metastasis, which indicates the importance of TF function in tumour progression.