Three elemental illusions determine the Zöllner illusion

We have discovered an apparent contraction illusion of acute angles in a special form of the Zöllner figure at the intersecting angles between 36 degrees and 83 degrees (i.e., a reversal of the Zöllner illusion). The necessary condition for this illusion is that inducing lines are long enough and the induced line (test line) is single. When an illusory line is used as the induced line, the magnitude of contraction increases. Short inducing lines give no illusion or a slight expansion of acute angles at the intersecting angle of 45 degrees. We have ascertained that the source of this expansion is the narrow region in the vicinity of the induced line, whereas the source of the contraction is much broader regions. Furthermore, we have discovered another expansion mechanism, which is generated by the symmetrical configuration of the standard Zöllner figure.