Human parvovirus B19 infection presenting as persistent anemia in renal transplant recipients

Immunosuppression cannot be achieved without immunosuppressive effects. Human Parvovirus infection is known to occur after organ transplantation. We present our experience with Parvovirus infection in two cases.

Two kidney transplant recipients developed symptomatic anemia requiring blood transfusions. Common causes of anemia, such as gastrointestinal bleeding, iron/vitamin deficiencies, hemolysis, and drug toxicities, were ruled out. A peripheral smear revealed low reticulocyte count. Bone marrow examination showed hypoplastic bone marrow with intranuclear inclusions suggestive of human Parvovirus. This was confirmed by immunohistochemical analysis. Treatment with i.v. immunoglobulin G resulted in a dramatic sustained response. Transplant kidney function remained stable.

Human Parvovirus infections should be considered in immunosuppressed individuals with anemia with poor bone marrow response. Bone marrow examination can reveal viral inclusions and can be confirmed by immunohistochemical analysis. Intravenous immunoglobulin G results in resolution of anemia.