Fusobacterial infections: an underestimated threat

Area of Science:

• Microbiology
• Infectious Diseases
• Bacteriology

Background:

• Fusobacteria are anaerobic bacteria implicated in diverse human and animal infections.
• They are commonly found in the oropharynx and can spread via bloodstream or aspiration.
• Often present in polymicrobial cultures, their identification can be challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the role of fusobacteria in infectious diseases.
• To highlight the pathogenic mechanisms employed by fusobacteria.
• To discuss the identification of fusobacteria in laboratory settings.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of fusobacterial infections in humans and animals.
• Analysis of pathogenic mechanisms, including adhesion and toxin production.
• Discussion of diagnostic approaches for fusobacteria.

Main Results:

• Fusobacterium nucleatum is associated with periodontal disease, producing irritants and exhibiting strong adhesive properties.
• Fusobacterium necrophorum can cause severe infections like necrotising tonsillitis and Lemierre's syndrome.
• Fusobacterial infections in animals include calf diphtheria and foot rot, involving toxins and adhesins.

Conclusions:

• Fusobacteria possess diverse pathogenic mechanisms contributing to a range of infections.
• Adhesion mediated by outer-membrane proteins and the production of toxins and irritants are key virulence factors.
• Simple laboratory tests are generally sufficient for fusobacteria identification.