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Related Concept Videos

pH Homeostasis01:31

pH Homeostasis

Acid-base homeostasis is essential for maintaining normal physiological activities in humans. The pH of various body fluids is strictly regulated because it is critical for the optimal activity of enzymes involved in metabolic reactions. Enzymes are basically proteins, so, any significant change in pH can affect their structure and activity. In humans, pH is regulated using three primary mechanisms— chemical buffer systems, respiratory regulation, and renal regulation.
Respiratory Regulation of...
Acid-Base Balance01:25

Acid-Base Balance

The human body maintains a narrow pH range regulated through acid-base balance. This balance is crucial as changes in the hydrogen ion concentration can disrupt cell membrane stability, alter protein structures, and change enzyme activities. The normal pH of arterial blood is 7.4, venous blood and interstitial fluid is 7.35, and intracellular fluid averages 7.0.
When the pH of arterial blood rises above 7.45, it results in a condition called alkalosis. Conversely, a drop below 7.35 leads to...
Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance01:29

Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance

Metabolic reactions in the body produce nonvolatile acids, such as sulfuric acid, which generate an acid load of approximately 1 mEq of H+ per kilogram of body weight daily. Excreting H+ in the urine is essential to balance this acid load.
In the kidneys, cells within the proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) and the collecting ducts secrete hydrogen ions (H+) into the tubular fluid. Specifically, in the PCT, Na+/H+ antiporters secrete H+ while reabsorbing Na+.
However, the intercalated cells in...
Disorders of Acid-Base Balance01:29

Disorders of Acid-Base Balance

The human body maintains a precise pH range of arterial blood between 7.35 and 7.45. Deviations result in either acidosis (pH < 7.35) or alkalosis (pH > 7.45). These conditions are further classified as respiratory or metabolic disorders based on their underlying cause.
Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis occurs due to an increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide PCO2 in the blood. It often arises from shallow breathing or impaired gas exchange caused by...
Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis01:24

Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis

Diagnosing acid-base imbalances involves systematically analyzing arterial blood samples, focusing on three key measurements: pH, bicarbonate (HCO3−) concentration, and carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2). This analysis follows a four-step process that helps identify the imbalance's underlying cause and nature.
First, the pH level is assessed to determine whether the blood pH is normal (7.35–7.45), low (acidosis), or high (alkalosis).
Next, the PCO2  and HCO3−  values are examined to...
Hemodialysis III: Nursing Management01:25

Hemodialysis III: Nursing Management

The nursing management of a patient undergoing hemodialysis includes several critical steps, starting with a thorough assessment before the procedure.Before the Hemodialysis ProcedureFirst, record the patient's vital signs—blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature—to establish a baseline. This baseline is essential for detecting conditions such as hypotension that could impact the patient's response to dialysis. Document the patient's pre-dialysis weight, as this measurement...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Functional Characterization of Na+/H+ Exchangers of Intracellular Compartments Using Proton-killing Selection to Express Them at the Plasma Membrane
07:38

Functional Characterization of Na+/H+ Exchangers of Intracellular Compartments Using Proton-killing Selection to Express Them at the Plasma Membrane

Published on: March 30, 2015

Acid-base balance in dialysis patients.

F J Gennari1

  • 1Department of Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, USA. fgennari@zoo.uvm.edu

Seminars in Dialysis
|August 3, 2000
PubMed
Summary

Dialysis patients often have low serum bicarbonate, indicating acidosis. Patients with bicarbonate below 19 mEq/L require intervention to correct acidosis, while those between 19-24 mEq/L need further study.

Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Biochemistry
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Acid-base balance in dialysis patients is complex, influenced by renal replacement therapy and dialysis bath composition.
  • Despite advancements, many hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients exhibit low pre-dialysis serum bicarbonate levels.
  • The impact of mild acidosis on morbidity and mortality in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is a critical concern.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the acid-base equilibrium in patients undergoing hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.
  • To evaluate the benefits of correcting acidosis in dialysis patients.
  • To explore methods for increasing serum bicarbonate levels in these patients.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on acid-base balance in renal replacement therapy.

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Measurement of Tissue Oxygenation Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis

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Last Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Functional Characterization of Na+/H+ Exchangers of Intracellular Compartments Using Proton-killing Selection to Express Them at the Plasma Membrane
07:38

Functional Characterization of Na+/H+ Exchangers of Intracellular Compartments Using Proton-killing Selection to Express Them at the Plasma Membrane

Published on: March 30, 2015

Microdialysis of Excitatory Amino Acids During EEG Recordings in Freely Moving Rats
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Microdialysis of Excitatory Amino Acids During EEG Recordings in Freely Moving Rats

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Measurement of Tissue Oxygenation Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis

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  • Analysis of factors influencing serum bicarbonate in dialysis patients.
  • Discussion of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for acidosis management.

    • Main Results:

    • Pre-dialysis serum bicarbonate is frequently below normal in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients.
    • A serum bicarbonate level below 19 mEq/L warrants assessment and intervention to correct acidosis.
    • The necessity of intervention for bicarbonate levels between 19 and 24 mEq/L requires further investigation.

    Conclusions:

    • Acid-base balance is a crucial consideration in dialysis patient management.
    • Prompt assessment and correction of significant acidosis (HCO3- < 19 mEq/L) are recommended.
    • Further research is needed to determine optimal bicarbonate targets for dialysis patients.