Benign müllerian inclusions in pelvic and paraaortic lymph nodes
Related Experiment Video
Updated: Oct 15, 2026

Isolation of Human Lymphatic Endothelial Cells by Multi-parameter Fluorescence-activated Cell Sorting
Published on: May 1, 2015
1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Graz, A-8036 Graz, Austria.
Objective:
This study was undertaken to determine the incidence and distribution of the location of benign müllerian inclusions in pelvic and paraaortic lymph nodes.
Methods:
A total of 114 patients operated on for gynecologic malignancy between 1995 and 1998 underwent surgery including systematic pelvic (n = 114) or pelvic and paraaortic (n = 70) lymphadenectomy. The lymph node material was labeled according to anatomic origin, immediately fixed en bloc, embedded in paraffin, and processed as step-serial sections at intervals of 400 microm. The 5-microm-thick sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin.
Results:
Overall, 26 of 114 patients (23%) had benign müllerian inclusions. Inclusions were most common in the paraarotic (34%), external iliac (12%), and common iliac (9%) regions (P > 0.05). Multiple anatomic sites were involved in 14 of 26 patients (54%). Two women had paraaortic inclusions and negative pelvic nodes. Benign müllerian inclusions were seen in 13 of 51 patients (24%) with ovarian carcinoma, 11 of 47 (23%) with cervical carcinoma, 1 of 9 (11%) with endometrial carcinoma, and 1 of 2 with ovarian serous borderline tumor, (P > 0.05).
Conclusions:
Benign müllerian inclusions occur in approximately one-fifth of patients with gynecologic malignancies in all anatomic regions of pelvic and paraaortic lymph nodes. They must be distinguished from metastatic deposits.
Related Concept Videos
Secondary Lymphoid Organs
The spleen is a vital organ in the lymphatic system, nestled in the upper left side of the abdomen. It is composed of two primary regions: the red pulp and the white pulp, each having distinct functions. The red pulp performs a significant role in blood filtration. It efficiently purges the blood of old or damaged red blood cells and...
Lymphoid Cells and Tissues
Lymphoid cells consist of various types of immune system cells. These include B and T lymphocytes, which are responsible for producing antibodies and killing infected cells, respectively. Dendritic cells act as messengers between the innate and adaptive...
Development of the Lymphatic System
The first lymph sacs to form are the paired jugular lymph sacs located at the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins. From these sacs, lymphatic capillary plexuses extend to the thorax, upper limbs, neck, and head, eventually forming lymphatic vessels. Each jugular lymph sac maintains a...
Appendicitis
Detailed Structure and Function of Lymph Nodes
From a histological perspective, lymph nodes can be split into two main areas: the superficial cortex and the deep medulla. The outer cortex is populated by dendritic cells, macrophages, and B lymphocytes, which are densely packed into follicles. When these B-lymphocytes are presented...
Primary Lymphoid Organs
The red bone marrow is a soft, spongy tissue nestled in the interior of long bones such as the humerus and femur. It is the site...