Cell volume regulation in immune cell apoptosis

The loss of cell volume is an early and fundamental feature of programmed cell death or apoptosis; however, the mechanisms responsible for cell shrinkage during apoptosis are poorly understood. The loss of cell volume is not a passive component of the apoptotic process, and a number of experimental findings from different laboratories highlight the importance of this process as an early and necessary regulatory event in the signaling of the death cascade. Additionally, the loss of intracellular ions, particularly potassium, has been shown to play a primary role in cell shrinkage, caspase activation, and nuclease activity during apoptosis. Thus, an understanding of the role that ion channels and plasma membrane transporters play in cellular signaling during apoptosis may have important physiological implications for immune cells, especially lymphocyte function. Furthermore, this knowledge may also have an impact on the design of therapeutic strategies for a variety of diseases of the immune system in which apoptosis plays a central role, such as oncogenic processes or immune system disorders. The present review summarizes our appreciation of the mechanisms underlying the early loss of cell volume during apoptosis and their association with downstream events in lymphocyte apoptosis.