The impostor phenomenon: self-perceptions, reflected appraisals, and interpersonal strategies

Area of Science:

• Psychology
• Social Psychology
• Personality Psychology

Background:

• The impostor phenomenon is characterized by persistent self-doubt and a fear of being exposed as a fraud.
• Previous research has primarily focused on the internal experiences of individuals with impostorism.

Purpose of the Study:

• To test theoretical assumptions about the impostor phenomenon.
• To investigate the role of self-appraisals and reflected appraisals in impostorism.
• To examine the interpersonal and strategic nature of impostor behaviors.

Main Methods:

• Three studies were conducted, involving self-report measures, self-ratings, and assessments of perceived external regard.
• Study 2 employed an experimental design manipulating performance expectations and response conditions (public vs. private).
• Study 3 explored potential subtypes of impostors (true vs. strategic).

Main Results:

• High impostors demonstrated low self-appraisals and low reflected appraisals, contrary to some existing theories.
• Impostor behaviors, particularly lower performance expectations, were more pronounced in public settings for high impostors.
• Evidence supported the strategic, self-presentational aspect of impostorism, though a clear distinction between 'true' and 'strategic' impostors was not found.

Conclusions:

• The impostor phenomenon involves not only internal feelings but also external, self-presentational strategies.
• These strategies may serve to manage the implications of perceived or actual performance.
• Understanding impostorism requires considering both individual psychology and social-interactional dynamics.