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Related Concept Videos

Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
Homologous Recombination02:31

Homologous Recombination

The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
Restarting Stalled Replication Forks02:37

Restarting Stalled Replication Forks

DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart, a...
Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation02:53

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
The recognition sites for Cre recombinase called LoxP...
Viral Replication: Lysogenic Cycle01:16

Viral Replication: Lysogenic Cycle

The lysogenic cycle is a crucial viral replication strategy that allows bacteriophages to persist within host cells without immediately destroying them. This process is primarily observed in temperate phages, such as bacteriophage lambda (λ), which infects Escherichia coli. The cycle allows the viral genome to persist across bacterial generations while keeping host cells viable.Integration of the Viral GenomeUpon infection, bacteriophage lambda attaches to the bacterial surface and injects its...
DNA Bacteriophages01:26

DNA Bacteriophages

Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria, utilizing their genetic material to hijack host cellular machinery for replication. DNA bacteriophages employ single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) or double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genomes. These phages exhibit diverse replication strategies and host interactions, influencing their ecological roles and applications in biotechnology and medicine.ssDNA BacteriophagesssDNA phages, with their small genomes, utilize unique strategies to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Following Cell-fate in E. coli After Infection by Phage Lambda
06:10

Following Cell-fate in E. coli After Infection by Phage Lambda

Published on: October 14, 2011

Recombination-deficient deletions in bacteriophage lambda and their interaction with chi mutations.

D Henderson, J Weil

    Genetics
    |February 1, 1975
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    New phage lambda deletion mutants with low burst size were identified. A chi mutation was found to increase burst size and restore DNA synthesis, supporting its role in recombination.

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    Detection of Homologous Recombination Intermediates via Proximity Ligation and Quantitative PCR in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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    Detection of Homologous Recombination Intermediates via Proximity Ligation and Quantitative PCR in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

    Published on: September 11, 2022

    Area of Science:

    • Microbiology
    • Molecular Biology
    • Genetics

    Background:

    • Bacteriophage lambda is a model organism for studying genetic recombination.
    • Deletion mutants of phage lambda can exhibit altered lytic cycles and protein production.
    • The chi mutation is known to enhance host recombination (Rec)-promoted recombination.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To characterize a new class of phage lambda deletion mutants.
    • To investigate the role of chi mutations in phage lambda's lytic cycle and protein synthesis.
    • To determine the location and function of chi mutations in different phage and bacterial DNA contexts.

    Main Methods:

    • Isolation and characterization of phage lambda deletion mutants.
    • Analysis of phage burst size, plaque morphology, and protein production.
    • Complementation studies and genetic mapping of chi mutations.

    Main Results:

    • A new class of deletion mutants with low burst size and minute plaques was identified.
    • Chi mutations were found to increase burst size and restore DNA synthesis in deletion mutants.
    • Chi mutations were located in various sites within the lambda genome and in bacterial DNA, including transducing phages.

    Conclusions:

    • Chi mutations enhance Rec-promoted recombination, crucial for DNA maturation in certain phage lambda infections.
    • Chi mutations influence phage lambda's protein production, though the mechanism remains unclear.
    • Chi mutations are not exclusive to phage lambda and can occur in bacterial DNA, affecting phage properties.