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Phagocytosis

Phagocytosis

Cells pull particles inward and engulf them in spherical vesicles in an energy-requiring process called endocytosis. Phagocytosis (“cellular eating”) is one of three major types of endocytosis. Cells use phagocytosis to take in large objects—such as other cells (or their debris), bacteria, and even viruses.The objective of phagocytosis is often destruction. Cells use phagocytosis to eliminate unwelcome visitors, like pathogens (e.g., viruses and bacteria). It is perhaps unsurprising, that many...

Phagocytosis

Phagocytosis

Cells pull particles inward and engulf them in spherical vesicles in an energy-requiring process called endocytosis. Phagocytosis ("cellular eating") is one of three major types of endocytosis. Cells use phagocytosis to take in large objects, such as other cells (or their debris), bacteria, and even viruses.
The objective of phagocytosis is often destruction. Cells use phagocytosis to eliminate unwelcome visitors, like pathogens (e.g., viruses and bacteria). Many immune system cells, including...

Recycling Endosomes and Transcytosis

Recycling Endosomes and Transcytosis

The recycling endosome, also known as the endosomal recycling compartment (ERC), is a part of the slow-recycling process of the endocytic pathway. Molecules internalized through receptor-mediated endocytosis are either degraded in the lysosomes or are recycled to the plasma membrane through the fast- or slow-recycling route.
The recycling endosome is not a single organelle but an extensively tubulated network of recycling pathways. It functions in storing molecules or transporting them across...

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes.
Normal cells contain receptors that prevent them from being recognized by phagocytes.

Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes

Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes

Immune surveillance is an integral part of the innate immune system, involving the continuous monitoring of peripheral tissues to detect and respond to pathogens, infected cells, or cancerous cells. This surveillance is conducted primarily by natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytes, which employ distinct but complementary mechanisms to identify and eliminate threats.
Natural Killer Cells: The Fast Responders
NK cells are large granular lymphocytes found in the blood and lymphatic system. These...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Use of a Monocyte Monolayer Assay to Evaluate Fcγ Receptor-mediated Phagocytosis

Use of a Monocyte Monolayer Assay to Evaluate Fcγ Receptor-mediated Phagocytosis

Published on: January 2, 2017

Reversible phagocytosis in rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

R D Berlin, J P Fera, J R Pfeiffer

The Journal of Clinical Investigation

|June 1, 1979

Summary

Rabbit neutrophils release ingested particles via exocytosis, a process that occurs concurrently with ingestion and keeps cells intact. This finding has implications for cellular defense and membrane dynamics.

Area of Science:

Cell Biology
Immunology
Hematology

Background:

Neutrophils are key immune cells involved in phagocytosis.
The fate of ingested particles within neutrophils requires further elucidation.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the mechanism and kinetics of inert particle release from rabbit neutrophils.
To determine if phagocytosis and particle release occur simultaneously.

Main Methods:

Electron microscopy was used to visualize particle release.
Coulter counter measurements quantified cell populations undergoing phagocytosis-exocytosis.
Differential labeling tracked sequential particle ingestion and release.

Main Results:

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Time-lapse 3D Imaging of Phagocytosis by Mouse Macrophages

Time-lapse 3D Imaging of Phagocytosis by Mouse Macrophages

Published on: October 19, 2018

Alveolar Macrophage Phagocytosis and Bacteria Clearance in Mice

Alveolar Macrophage Phagocytosis and Bacteria Clearance in Mice

Published on: March 2, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Use of a Monocyte Monolayer Assay to Evaluate Fcγ Receptor-mediated Phagocytosis

Use of a Monocyte Monolayer Assay to Evaluate Fcγ Receptor-mediated Phagocytosis

Published on: January 2, 2017

Time-lapse 3D Imaging of Phagocytosis by Mouse Macrophages

Time-lapse 3D Imaging of Phagocytosis by Mouse Macrophages

Published on: October 19, 2018

Alveolar Macrophage Phagocytosis and Bacteria Clearance in Mice

Alveolar Macrophage Phagocytosis and Bacteria Clearance in Mice

Published on: March 2, 2019

Rabbit neutrophils release approximately 50% of ingested oil emulsion particles within 40 minutes at 37°C via exocytosis.

Exocytosis is temperature and glucose-dependent but does not require divalent cations.

Neutrophils remain intact during this phagocytosis-exocytosis sequence, which can occur concurrently.

Conclusions:

Neutrophils actively release inert particles through exocytosis, a process distinct from but linked to phagocytosis.
This phagocytosis-exocytosis pathway may influence membrane recycling and lysosomal function.
Understanding this mechanism is crucial for comprehending neutrophil-mediated immune responses.