The effects of interpersonal and personal agency on perceived control and psychological well-being in adulthood

A theoretical model that links social support with global beliefs in primary control and provides a developmental perspective on how normative age-related changes alter control beliefs was examined with data from 482 adults aged 18 to 93. Generalized belief in primary control was hypothesized to have a direct positive effect on psychological well-being and to arise from two distinct sources: (a) interpersonal agency (obtaining positive ends through interactions with others) and (b) personal agency (achieving desired outcomes on one's own behalf). Age was believed to affect both types of agency indirectly as a result of age-related changes in physical health and emotional support. Although physical health was presumed to have a direct positive effect on psychological well-being, the effect of emotional support on well-being was mediated by interpersonal agency and perceived primary control. Structural equation modeling analyses with the EQS 5.4 program revealed good model fit (goodness-of-fit index = .98, comparative fit index = .94, root mean square residual [RMR] = .02, standardized RMR = .05, root mean square error of approximation = .06) after a negative direct path from age to generalized beliefs in primary control was added to the a priori model.