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Updated: Aug 18, 2026

Fabrication of Gate-tunable Graphene Devices for Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Studies with Coulomb Impurities
Published on: July 24, 2015
From the cover: nanoscale imaging of chemical interactions: fluorine on graphite
K F Kelly1, E T Mickelson, R H Hauge
1Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Chemistry, the Rice Quantum Institute, and the Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
Abstract:
Using C60-functionalized scanning tunneling microscope tips, we have investigated the adsorption of fluorine on graphite. Based on characteristics of the accompanying electron standing waves, we are able to distinguish the fluorine adatoms that have bonded ionically to the graphite surface from those that have formed covalent bonds with the surface. This result permits determination of the ratio of ionic to covalent C-F bonds on graphite obtained by gas phase fluorination, which seems to be temperature-independent between 200 and 300 degrees C under the reaction conditions used.

