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Related Concept Videos

Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Viral Mutations00:36

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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Infection01:20

Infection

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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
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Stages of infection describe what happens to a susceptible host once a pathogen invades the human body. The stages of infection are incubation, prodromal, illness, stage of decline, and convalescence. The incubation stage is the period from exposure to a pathogen until symptoms start. The infected person is unaware of impending illness as the pathogens grow and multiply within the body. The duration may vary depending on the type of infection. The incubation period of measles averages ten to...
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Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence01:28

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

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Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable...
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Atypical Pneumonia01:14

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Atypical pneumonia, often caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, is a form of pulmonary infection that differs from the classical presentation of bacterial pneumonia in both its cause and clinical symptoms. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a pleomorphic bacterium notable for its lack of a rigid cell wall. This structural characteristic imparts resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics and significantly influences the bacterium’s behavior within the human host.Other pathogens responsible for the disease...
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Changing patterns of infectious disease.

M L Cohen1

  • 1Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.

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Infectious diseases remain a major global health threat, causing millions of deaths annually. Emerging challenges like antimicrobial resistance and food-borne illnesses necessitate robust public health infrastructures for effective control.

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Infectious diseases continue to pose a significant global health challenge despite a century of control efforts.
  • Over 13 million deaths occur annually worldwide due to infectious diseases.
  • Societal, technological, and microbial changes drive the emergence and re-emergence of diseases.

Observation:

  • New infectious diseases are emerging.
  • Previously controlled diseases are re-emerging.
  • Antimicrobial resistance is a growing concern.

Findings:

  • Food-borne diseases and antimicrobial resistance are key 21st-century concerns.
  • Effective control requires rapid recognition and response systems.
  • Prevention of emerging infectious disease problems is crucial.

Implications:

  • Strengthening public health infrastructures is essential for global health security.
  • Proactive strategies are needed to combat evolving infectious disease threats.
  • Addressing antimicrobial resistance and food-borne illnesses is critical for future public health.