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Neurotransmitters01:30

Neurotransmitters

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Neurotransmitters play a crucial role in the communication between neurons in the autonomic nervous system. Neurons in the autonomic nervous system can be cholinergic or adrenergic depending on the neurotransmitters synthesized. Cholinergic neurons use acetylcholine as their primary neurotransmitter. This includes all the preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic and pre- and postganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic nervous systems. In addition, neurons of the somatic nervous system also use...
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The neurogenic control of respiration coordinates various neural networks and pathways to regulate breathing rate and depth, meeting the body's oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange requirements. This system adapts to physiological and environmental conditions, ensuring optimal breathing patterns.
Central Control
The brainstem is the primary site of central control, hosting respiratory centers:
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Neural Control of Respiration01:18

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The neural regulation of respiration is a meticulously coordinated process primarily controlled by the respiratory centers located within the brainstem. These centers, composed of specialized neurons, transmit nerve impulses that control the contraction and relaxation of our respiratory muscles.
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Two primary areas comprise the respiratory center: the medullary respiratory center in the medulla oblongata and the pontine respiratory group in the pons. The...
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Physiological Control of Respiration01:23

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Introduction
Breathing, a seemingly passive process, is regulated by the respiratory center in the brainstem. This center coordinates the involuntary control of respirations, which means it occurs without conscious effort, ensuring a smooth and uninterrupted pattern.
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Chemical Factors Affecting Respiration Centers01:31

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Chemical factors such as changing CO2, O2, and H+ levels in arterial blood play a critical role in influencing respiration depth and rates. These variations are detected by chemoreceptors—specialized sensors located in two primary body areas. Central chemoreceptors are found throughout the brain stem, including the ventrolateral medulla, while peripheral chemoreceptors are located in the aortic arch and carotid arteries.
CO2 has a potent influence on respiration and is strictly regulated....
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Classification of Neurotransmitters01:30

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Neurotransmitters play a crucial role in the communication between neurons in the autonomic nervous system. Neurons in the autonomic nervous system can be cholinergic or adrenergic depending on the neurotransmitters synthesized. Cholinergic neurons use acetylcholine as their primary neurotransmitter. This includes all the preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic and pre- and postganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic nervous systems. In addition, neurons of the somatic nervous system also use...
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Updated: Mar 1, 2026

Preparation of Rhythmically-active In Vitro Neonatal Rodent Brainstem-spinal Cord and Thin Slice
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Neurotransmitters in central respiratory control.

M D Burton1, H Kazemi

  • 1Medical Services (Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit), Bulfinch 148, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.

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|September 1, 2000
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Summary

Fast-acting neurotransmitters like acetylcholine, glutamate, and GABA are crucial for central respiratory control. These chemicals mediate ventilatory responses to CO(2) and hypoxia, impacting breathing regulation.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Respiratory Physiology

Background:

  • Central control of ventilation involves complex interactions between neurotransmitters and neuromodulators.
  • Understanding the specific roles of fast-acting neurotransmitters in respiratory drive is essential for comprehending ventilatory regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • This review focuses on the critical roles of fast-acting neurotransmitters in the central ventilatory response to changes in H(+)/CO(2) levels and acute hypoxia.
  • To elucidate the neurotransmitter mechanisms underlying respiratory control.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing data on neurotransmitter function in central respiratory control.
  • Analysis of studies investigating the effects of genetic abnormalities and knockout models on ventilatory responses.
  • Examination of amino acid changes in response to hypoxic stimuli.

Main Results:

  • The central response to H(+)/CO(2) is mediated primarily in the medulla, particularly the ventral medullary surface (VMS), with acetylcholine identified as the key neurotransmitter.
  • Genetic defects in the cholinergic system and neural crest development impair CO(2) ventilatory responses.
  • In acute hypoxia, glutamate release in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and VMS stimulates ventilation, while GABA and taurine changes in the mid-brain modulate the response.

Conclusions:

  • Acetylcholine is pivotal for the central ventilatory response to H(+)/CO(2).
  • Glutamate, GABA, and taurine play significant roles in mediating the ventilatory response to acute hypoxia.
  • Further research into the molecular and genetic underpinnings of central respiratory drive and neurotransmitter function is warranted.