Determinants of respiratory motoneuron output

The respiratory motoneuron is the critical link between the neural elements responsible for respiratory rhythm generation and the respiratory muscles. Studies of respiratory motoneurons provide important information on the mechanisms that govern respiratory motor output because of the obligatory synapse that exists between these respiratory motoneurons and the respiratory muscle fibers they innervate. This review focuses almost exclusively upon one type of respiratory motoneuron, the hypoglossal motoneuron. Intrinsic properties (membrane properties and ion channels) as well as fast excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission to these motoneurons have been extensively studied during the last 10 years. This review summarizes many of these new findings. It is hoped that some of these findings can be generalized to all respiratory motoneurons and these will be of importance in formulating models that can predict the behavior of these critical elements in the respiratory system.