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Effect of prenatal steroids on potassium balance in extremely low birth weight neonates
S A Omar1, J D DeCristofaro, B I Agarwal
1Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA. omar@pilot.msu.edu
Insights
Prenatal steroid treatment prevents hyperkalemia in extremely low birth weight infants. This intervention helps maintain potassium balance and reduces the risk of dangerous electrolyte imbalances in newborns.
Area of Science:
- Neonatalogy
- Pediatric Endocrinology
- Biochemistry
Background:
- Potassium is a critical intracellular cation essential for numerous cellular functions.
- Maintaining potassium homeostasis is vital for fluid and electrolyte balance in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants.
- Prenatal steroid (PNS) treatment is known to promote the maturation of various epithelial cell systems.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the effect of prenatal steroid (PNS) treatment on potassium homeostasis in ELBW infants during their first week of life.
- To compare potassium levels, intake, output, and renal clearance between ELBW infants exposed to PNS and those not exposed.
Main Methods:
- Prospective collection of daily serum potassium (SK) concentration, potassium intake and output, and renal clearance for the first week of life.
- Comparison of 16 infants whose mothers received PNS with 14 infants whose mothers did not (nonsteroid group [NSG]).
- Measurement of electrolytes every 12 hours, urine output every 2-3 hours, with hyperkalemia defined as SK > 6.5 mmol/L.
Main Results:
- ELBW infants exposed to PNS had significantly lower peak serum potassium levels (5.2 ± 0.2 mmol/L) compared to the NSG (6.2 ± 0.4 mmol/L).
- Hyperkalemia (SK > 6.5 mmol/L) occurred in 70% of NSG infants within the first 2 days, but in none of the PNS-treated infants.
- PNS infants exhibited a less negative potassium balance by day 7 (-1.0 mmol/kg vs. -7.0 mmol/kg in NSG), despite similar potassium intake and excretion patterns.
Conclusions:
- Prenatal steroid treatment effectively prevents nonoliguric hyperkalemia in extremely low birth weight neonates.
- PNS treatment may upregulate fetal sodium-potassium-adenosinetriphosphatase activity, stabilizing cell membranes and reducing intracellular to extracellular potassium shifts.
- This stabilization contributes to improved potassium balance and reduced hyperkalemia risk in ELBW infants.
Objective:
Potassium is the most abundant intracellular cation and plays an important role in a variety of cell functions. Potassium homeostasis and regulation are important aspects of fluid and electrolyte homeostasis in extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants. Because prenatal steroid (PNS) treatment promotes maturation of many epithelial cell systems, we sought to determine whether PNS affects potassium homeostasis in ELBW infants (<1000 g) during the first week of life.
Method:
Serum potassium (SK) concentration, potassium intake and output, and renal clearance were collected prospectively each day during the first week of life. Infants whose mothers received a full course of steroids before delivery (PNS group: n = 16) were compared with those infants whose mothers did not receive steroids (nonsteroid group [NSG]: n = 14). The decision to treat with PNS was made entirely by the obstetric staff in a nonrandomized manner. Potassium intake and excretion and serum and urine electrolytes were measured every 12 hours, and urine output was monitored every 2 to 3 hours. Hyperkalemia was defined as SK >6. 5 mmol/L in a nonhemolyzed sample on at least 1 measurement from a central line.
Results:
There were no significant differences between the groups in gestational age, Apgar score, and birth weight. SK increased initially after birth in the absence of exogenous K intake in all infants, then subsequently decreased and stabilized by day 4 of life. The peak SK was significantly lower in the PNS group than in the NSG group (5.2 +/-.2 mmol/L vs 6.2 +/-.4 mmol/L). Moreover, the peak SK was higher than 6.5 mmol/L in 70% of the NSG infants and in none of the PNS group. Hyperkalemia occurred in the NSG infants within the first 2 days when urine output was significantly lower than in PNS infants. SK peaked in the absence of potassium intake with similar potassium excretion in both groups. PNS infants had similar cumulative potassium intake with a lower cumulative potassium excretion than did NSG infants. PNS infants had a significantly less negative potassium balance than did NSG infants by day 7 of life (-1.0 mmol/kg vs -7.0 mmol/kg). There was no statistical difference in the daily serum creatinine levels, fractional excretion of potassium, and in the daily creatinine clearance between the 2 groups.
Conclusion:
We conclude that treatment with PNS prevents the nonoliguric hyperkalemia known to occur in ELBW neonates. We speculate that PNS induces upregulation of cell membrane sodium, potassium-adenosinetriphosphatase activity in the fetus. The differences in negative potassium balance may be accounted for by stabilization of cell membranes that may result in a decrease in potassium shift from intracellular to extracellular compartments.