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Risk factor clustering in hypertensive patients: impact of the reports of NCEP-II and second joint task force on
N Stern1, I Grosskopf, I Shapira
1Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, and Department of Medicine, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. ,
Insights
Essential hypertension patients frequently have multiple risk factors, with dyslipidemia being the most common. Mild hypercholesterolemia is the prevalent form, while combined hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL cholesterol are rare.
Area of Science:
- Cardiology
- Internal Medicine
- Public Health
Background:
- Recent redefinitions of dyslipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes necessitate updated risk factor assessments for essential hypertension.
- Understanding risk factor clusters is crucial for managing hypertension and preventing cardiovascular disease.
Purpose of the Study:
- To analyze the risk factor profile of Israeli patients with essential hypertension.
- To apply current definitions of dyslipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes, along with JNC-VI guidelines, for risk assessment.
Main Methods:
- Analysis of risk profiles for 324 Israeli hypertensive subjects using JNC-VI risk stratification.
- Data collected from 122 patients in primary care and 212 in a hypertension specialty clinic.
Main Results:
- Only 1.5% of hypertensive individuals without target organ damage had no risk factors beyond hypertension.
- Dyslipidemia was the most common associated risk factor (77-93%), primarily isolated hypercholesterolemia (42%).
- Hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease had significantly more risk factors (3.6) than those without (3.02).
Conclusions:
- Patients classified as JNC-VI risk group A (no risk factors) are rare (<5%) in this cohort.
- Dyslipidemia is highly prevalent in essential hypertension patients, with mild hypercholesterolemia being the most common type.
- The combination of hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL cholesterol (Syndrome X) is uncommon in this population.
Introduction:
Although the association of hypertension with established risk factors has been noted in several population studies, the recent redefinition of dyslipidaemia, hypertension and diabetes calls for reassessment of the prevalence and pattern of risk factor clusters in essential hypertension.
Objective:
To analyse the risk factor profile of Israeli patients with essential hypertension seen by primary care physicians and in hypertension specialty clinics, based on current definitions of dyslipidaemia hypertension and diabetes and JNC-VI guidelines for the assessment of risk factors.
Design And Setting:
We analysed the risk profile of 324 Israeli hypertensive subjects using the JNC-VI risk table and risk grouping. A total of 122 consecutive patients were recruited from primary care clinics and 212 consecutive patients were recruited from a hospital based hypertension clinic.
Results:
Amongst hypertensive individuals with no known target organ damage, only 1.5% had no risk factors other than hypertension, whereas all hypertensives with coronary artery disease had additional risk factors. Of the six listed major JNC-VI risk factors (smoking, dyslipidaemia, diabetes, age, sex, family history of cardiovascular disease), hypertensive subjects without coronary artery disease (coronary artery disease-negative) had 3.02 +/- 0.10 risk factors, whereas hypertensive subjects with coronary artery disease (coronary artery disease positive) had 3.6 +/- 0.07 risk factors other than hypertension (P < 0.01). Dyslipidaemia defined by NCEP-II criteria was the most common associated risk factor identified in 93% of coronary artery disease-positive and 77% of the coronary artery disease-negative hypertensive subjects. The most common dyslipidaemic abnormality was an increased LDL cholesterol (79.2% of the cohort), followed by hypertriglyceridaemia (31.7%) and low HDL cholesterol (22.3%). Nevertheless, in nearly half of the coronary artery disease-negative patients, LDL cholesterol concentrations were within 30 mg dL-1 of the target levels. The most common dyslipidaemic variant was isolated hypercholesterolaemia (42%), whereas the syndrome X dyslipidaemic combination of hypertriglyceridaemia and low HDL was strikingly uncommon, observed in 2.8% of the coronary artery disease-positive and 0.8% of the coronary artery disease-negative patients.
Conclusions:
(i) JNC-VI group risk A patients (no risk factors) comprise a very small minority in this cohort (< 5%); (ii) dyslipidaemia is exceedingly common with mild hypercholesterolaemia being the most prevalent variant and hypertriglyceridaemia with low HDL the least common form.