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Related Concept Videos

Types of Signaling Molecules01:32

Types of Signaling Molecules

In multicellular organisms, many molecules transmit signals between cells to pass information. These signals vary in complexity and include small peptides, nucleotides, steroids, fatty acid derivatives, and dissolved gases such as nitric oxide. Some signaling molecules diffuse through the plasma membrane to act locally between neighboring cells or travel long distances. Others remain attached to the cell surface, transmitting information to other cells only when they make contact. In some...
Assembly of Signaling Complexes01:30

Assembly of Signaling Complexes

Multiprotein signaling complexes are formed in a dynamic process involving protein-protein interactions at the cytoplasmic domain of transmembrane receptors or enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins associated with the receptor. These complexes ensure the activation and propagation of intracellular signals that regulate cell functions.
Interaction domains in cell signaling
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Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade01:22

Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade

When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze the...
Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses01:22

Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses

The physiological function of a cell and cellular communication are outcomes of a range of extrinsic signals, intracellular signaling pathways, and cellular responses. No two cell types express the same repertoire of signaling components. Receptors are highly selective for their cognate ligands, but once activated, they can alter multiple cellular processes such as DNA transcription, protein synthesis, and metabolic activity. 
Graded and Abrupt Responses
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IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway01:11

IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway

Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the  phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and produces two-second...
Types of Signaling Molecules01:32

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In multicellular organisms, many molecules transmit signals between cells to pass information. These signals vary in complexity and include small peptides, nucleotides, steroids, fatty acid derivatives, and dissolved gases such as nitric oxide. Some signaling molecules diffuse through the plasma membrane to act locally between neighboring cells or travel long distances. Others remain attached to the cell surface, transmitting information to other cells only when they make contact. In some...

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Plasmid-derived DNA Strand Displacement Gates for Implementing Chemical Reaction Networks
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Toll signaling: the enigma variations.

S A Wasserman1

  • 1Center for Molecular Genetics, Division of Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0634, La Jolla, California 92093-0634, USA. stevenw@ucsd.edu

Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
|September 12, 2000
PubMed
Summary

Recent studies show Toll-mediated pathways are diverse, not conserved. These signaling pathways have evolved varied configurations for defending against microbial infections across many species.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Toll-mediated pathways are crucial for innate immunity and development.
  • Previous understanding suggested a conserved signaling mechanism.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the diversity of Toll-mediated signal transduction pathways.
  • To understand the evolutionary adaptations of Toll receptors in host defense.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent experimental findings on Toll-mediated signaling.
  • Comparative analysis of Toll pathway components across different species.

Main Results:

  • Significant diversity observed in Toll-mediated signal transduction pathways.
  • Toll receptors and associated factors exhibit varied configurations, not a conserved cassette.
  • Evidence of evolutionary adaptation for microbial defense in species from plants to humans.

Conclusions:

  • Toll-mediated pathways are highly diverse and have evolved distinct roles in host defense.
  • The evolutionary trajectory of Toll signaling is species-specific, adapting to diverse microbial threats.