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Adverse effects of iodides on thyroid function.

A G Vagenakis, L E Braverman

The Medical Clinics of North America

|September 1, 1975

Summary

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Excess iodine intake can disrupt thyroid function, causing hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, particularly in those with pre-existing thyroid conditions. Careful consideration of iodine sources is crucial for thyroid health.

Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Pharmacology

Background:

Pharmacologic iodine administration, including iodides, organic iodine in medications/contrast dyes, and iodine-rich foods, can impact thyroid function.
Patients with underlying thyroid disease are particularly susceptible to iodine-induced thyroid dysfunction.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the effects of pharmacologic iodine on thyroid function.
To identify patient populations at risk for iodine-induced thyroid disorders.
To discuss the therapeutic uses and limitations of iodides in hyperthyroidism.

Main Methods:

Literature review of studies on iodine administration and thyroid function.
Analysis of clinical cases and patient data related to iodine-induced thyroid disease.
Examination of the mechanisms underlying iodide's effects on the thyroid.

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Main Results:

Iodides can induce hypothyroidism in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, treated Graves' disease, or post-hemithyroidectomy.
Hyperthyroidism can be induced in patients with iodine-deficient goiter, autonomous nodules, or those recently treated for Graves' disease.
Thyroid dysfunction can occur even in euthyroid individuals, and the etiology in cystic fibrosis patients remains unclear.

Conclusions:

Iodine administration can precipitate various thyroid dysfunctions, including goiter, hypothyroidism, and hyperthyroidism.
Risk stratification is essential, as susceptibility varies based on underlying thyroid status and specific conditions.
Therapeutic use of iodides for hyperthyroidism should be reserved for specific situations like thyroid storm and preoperative preparation.