Stimulation of lysosomal sphingomyelin degradation by sphingolipid activator proteins

Lysosomal breakdown of glycosphingolipids with short hydrophilic carbohydrate headgroups is achieved by the simultaneous action of specific hydrolases and sphingolipid activator proteins (SAPs). Activator proteins are considered to facilitate the enzyme/substrate interaction between water-soluble enzymes and membrane-bound substrates. Sphingomyelin, containing the small hydrophilic phosphorylcholine moiety, is hydrolysed by acid sphingomyelinase (acid SMase). Recent experimental data on the in vivo and in vitro role of activator proteins in sphingomyelin breakdown by acid SMase are reviewed. These data combined with the results using homogenous protein preparations as well as a liposomal assay system mimicking the physiological conditions suggest that lysosomal sphingomyelin degradation is not critically dependent on any of the known activator proteins. Moreover, evidence is provided that the assumed intramolecular activator domain of acid SMase and especially the presence of negatively charged lipids in the lysosomes are sufficient for sphingomyelin turnover.