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Updated: Aug 17, 2026

Echocardiographic Approaches and Protocols for Comprehensive Phenotypic Characterization of Valvular Heart Disease in Mice
Published on: February 14, 2017
Abstract:
The STI offer a quantitative noninvasive measure of left ventricular performance in man. Extensive studies in animals and man have validated the STI. The STI are also sensitive to changes in inotropic state, preload, and afterload, and distinction must be made between the differing effects of acute and chronic alterations upon the STI. When properly performed and interpreted the STI are useful in diagnosis (aortic valve disease, angina pectoris, and pericardial disease), evaluation of the effectiveness of cardiac compensation (coronary artery disease, mitral valve disease, hypertensive heart disease), and evaluation of surgical or pharmacologic interventions. While much investigation is required for a more comprehensive understanding of the clinical application of the STI, the studies summarized in this review support continued use of these measures for the evaluation of left ventricular performance in man.
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Related Concept Videos
Sites for measuring blood pressure
The Brachial Artery: Primary Site for Blood Pressure Measurement
Assessment of blood pressure in brachial artery(one-step method)
Prepare for the Procedure:
Assessment of blood pressure in brachial artery(two-step method)
Assessing Blood pressure using a doppler ultrasound
Pre-Procedural Guidelines for Doppler Ultrasound Blood Pressure Assessment:
Preparation of Equipment:
Special considerations while measuring blood pressure
Monitoring Both Arms:
Monitoring BP in both arms during the initial assessment is advisable, as the systolic value may differ by five to ten mm Hg between arms. For subsequent BP assessments, use the arm with the higher reading.
Measurement of Blood Pressure