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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Brain Abscess l: Introduction01:26

Brain Abscess l: Introduction

A brain abscess is a focal, intracerebral infection characterized by a localized collection of pus within the brain parenchyma, resulting from microbial invasion and the body’s inflammatory response. It progresses through stages: early and late cerebritis, followed by early and late capsule formation, reflecting tissue destruction, immune response, and eventual encapsulation.Etiology and PathogenesisCausative organisms vary with source and host factors, often involving polymicrobial infections,...
Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins with...
Cerebral Edema l: Introduction01:19

Cerebral Edema l: Introduction

Cerebral edema is a pathological increase in brain water content that disrupts intracranial pressure regulation and impairs neurological function. Because the cranial vault is rigid, even modest increases in tissue volume can compromise cerebral perfusion, distort neural structures, and initiate secondary injury. Cerebral edema develops through four principal mechanisms: vasogenic, cytotoxic, interstitial, and ionic.Vasogenic EdemaVasogenic edema arises from disruption of the blood–brain...
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...

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Isolation and Cannulation of Cerebral Parenchymal Arterioles
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[Cerebral arteritis and psychic involution in children. A report of one case with a good response to treatment].

I Pascual-Castroviejo1, S I Pascual Pascual

  • 1Servicio de Neurología Pediátrica, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, España. pascas@inves.es

Revista De Neurologia
|September 29, 2000
PubMed
Summary

Cerebral arteritis can cause language and intellectual decline in children. Prompt treatment with calcium channel blockers led to a child patient's full recovery, highlighting this rare condition's treatability.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Pediatrics
  • Vascular Neurology

Background:

  • Cerebral arteritis is an uncommon cause of neurological deficits in children.
  • Language and intellectual regression can manifest as autistic behavior in pediatric patients.
  • Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial for managing pediatric cerebrovascular diseases.

Observation:

  • A case study of an 18-month-old boy presenting with progressive psychic and language involution, mimicking autistic behavior.
  • Extensive diagnostic workup initially yielded normal results, delaying the identification of the underlying cause.
  • Cerebral arteriography revealed arteritis, specifically affecting the right opercular artery, as the etiology.

Findings:

  • Cerebral arteritis, though rare, is a significant etiological factor in childhood language and intellectual decline.
  • The patient experienced a complete recovery following oral administration of nicardipine, a calcium channel antagonist.
  • This case suggests a positive therapeutic response to calcium channel blockers in pediatric cerebral arteritis.

Implications:

  • Highlights the importance of considering cerebral arteritis in pediatric cases of unexplained language and intellectual regression.
  • Demonstrates the potential efficacy of calcium channel antagonists in treating pediatric cerebral arteritis, offering an alternative to corticosteroids.
  • Underscores the need for advanced neuroimaging like cerebral arteriography in diagnosing rare pediatric neurological conditions.