Phase advance after one or three simulated dawns in humans

A specially designed apparatus that can simulate the waveform of the dawn or dusk signal at any latitude and any day of the year has been shown to phase shift the circadian pacemaker in rodents and primates at a fraction of the illuminance previously used. Until recently, it was considered that rather high illuminances or rather long exposure episodes to room light were necessary to phase shift human circadian rhythms. This experiment shows that, under controlled conditions of a modified constant routine protocol, a single dawn signal is sufficient to phase advance the timing of the onset of secretion of the pineal hormone melatonin. The significant phase advance of salivary melatonin of 20 minutes, which is enhanced to 34 minutes after three consecutive dawn signals, is small, but appears to be of sufficient magnitude to entrain the human circadian pacemaker, which has an endogenous period of about 24.2h.