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Glial Cells

Glial Cells

Anatomy of the Brain: Major Regions

Anatomy of the Brain: Major Regions

The brain is the most complex organ in the human body. It consists of four main parts: the cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, and brainstem.
The cerebrum is the largest section of the brain and divides into left and right hemispheres, separated by a deep fissure. The cerebral outer layer of grey matter — the cerebral cortex — comprises elevations called gyri and shallow groves called sulci. The inner portion of white matter includes long nerve fibers known as axons, which connect various areas...

Brainstem

Brainstem

The brainstem, located inferior to the brain and superior to the spinal cord, serves as a bridge between the cerebrum and the spinal cord. It plays a vital role in relaying information and controlling critical life functions. It comprises three primary regions: the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
The Midbrain
The midbrain is located beneath the diencephalon and connects the cerebrum with the lower parts of the brain. The cerebral peduncles are prominent midbrain structures that house the...

Neurons as Communicators of the Brain

Neurons as Communicators of the Brain

Neurons, the fundamental units of the brain and nervous system, function as the primary transmitters of information throughout the body. Their ability to communicate through electrical and chemical signals is vital for every bodily function, from regulating the heartbeat to processing complex thoughts. Each neuron has three main components: the cell body (soma), dendrites, and an axon, each specialized to facilitate swift and efficient neural communication.
Cell Body
The cell body, also known...

Neurotransmitters

Neurotransmitters

Neurotransmitters are essential chemical messengers within the nervous system, facilitating the communication between neurons. These chemical messengers, varying in function and effect, are critical for sustaining various aspects of neurological health and emotional well-being.

Organization of the Brain

Organization of the Brain

The brain is an integral component of the nervous system and serves as the center for processing sensory inputs, making decisions, and directing bodily actions. This complex organ is organized into three primary sections: the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain, each responsible for a range of vital functions.
Hindbrain
The hindbrain, located at the base of the brain, plays a vital role in regulating automatic processes that sustain life. It includes the medulla oblongata, which is essential for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Wholemount Immunohistochemistry for Revealing Complex Brain Topography

Wholemount Immunohistochemistry for Revealing Complex Brain Topography

Published on: April 5, 2012

A vertebrate globin expressed in the brain.

T Burmester¹, B Weich, S Reinhardt

¹Institute of Zoology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany. burmeste@mail.uni-mainz.de

|October 12, 2000

Summary

Researchers discovered neuroglobin, a novel oxygen-binding protein primarily in the brain. This protein may enhance oxygen availability in brain tissue, offering new insights into brain oxygen homeostasis.

Area of Science:

Biochemistry
Neuroscience
Evolutionary Biology

Background:

Hemoglobins and myoglobins are known for oxygen transport and storage in vertebrates.
A third globin type, distinct from hemoglobin and myoglobin, was investigated.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify and characterize a novel globin protein predominantly expressed in the brain.
To investigate the functional implications and evolutionary origins of this new globin.

Main Methods:

Protein identification and characterization in humans and mice.
Gene mapping and analysis of the human neuroglobin gene (NGB).
Assessment of oxygen binding affinity.

Main Results:

A third globin type, termed neuroglobin, was identified in humans and mice.

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Last Updated: Jun 30, 2026

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Neuroglobin is predominantly expressed in the brain and exhibits high oxygen affinity.

The human neuroglobin gene (NGB) has a unique exon-intron structure and is located on chromosome 14q24.

Conclusions:

Neuroglobin represents a distinct protein family with early metazoan evolutionary origins.
Neuroglobin may play a role in increasing oxygen availability in brain tissue, similar to myoglobin.
The discovery of neuroglobin expands our understanding of oxygen-binding proteins and their functions.