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Related Concept Videos

Mutations01:39

Mutations

Overview
Mutations01:35

Mutations

Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
Chromosomal Alterations Are Large-Scale Mutations
While point mutations are changes in a single nucleotide in...
Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement (NOE)01:06

Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement (NOE)

Irradiation of a spin-active nucleus causes an increase or decrease in the signal intensity of neighboring nuclei that are not necessarily chemically bonded or involved in J-coupling. This phenomenon, called the nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE), results from through-space interactions between the nuclear spins. The NOE effect decreases with increasing internuclear distance and is generally not observed beyond 4 angstroms. In NOE, dipole-dipole interactions between neighboring spin-active...
Mutations in Microorganisms01:18

Mutations in Microorganisms

Mutations are heritable changes in an organism’s genome involving alterations in the base sequence of DNA or RNA. These changes can influence cellular processes and phenotypic traits, potentially transforming the unaltered wild type into a mutant form. Such changes, termed forward mutations, are pivotal in shaping the genetic diversity of organisms.RNA viruses exhibit the highest mutation rates due to the absence of robust proofreading mechanisms during genome replication. In contrast,...
Spontaneous and Induced Mutations01:30

Spontaneous and Induced Mutations

Spontaneous mutations arise infrequently during DNA replication due to errors in the process. A key factor behind these errors is tautomeric shifts in nitrogenous bases, where bases transition from keto to enol forms or amino to imino forms. This shift can alter base-pairing rules, leading to mutations. Additionally, reactive oxygen species (ROS) arising from aerobic metabolism can damage DNA, resulting in depurination (loss of a purine base) or depyrimidination (loss of a pyrimidine base).
Point and Frameshift Mutations01:30

Point and Frameshift Mutations

Point mutations are genetic alterations involving the change of a single nucleotide base pair in DNA. Depending on how the alteration affects protein synthesis, they can lead to various consequences.Point mutations fall into the following types:Silent mutations occur when a nucleotide change does not alter the amino acid sequence due to the redundancy of the genetic code. For instance, changing ACC to ACA still encodes threonine, leaving the protein function unaffected. This occurs because...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2026

Transnuclear Mice with Pre-defined T Cell Receptor Specificities Against Toxoplasma gondii Obtained Via SCNT
13:36

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Specific mutations induced by triplex-forming oligonucleotides in mice

K M Vasquez1, L Narayanan, P M Glazer

  • 1Departments of Therapeutic Radiology and Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, 295 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT 06536, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|October 20, 2000
PubMed
Summary

Triplex-forming oligonucleotides (TFOs) can now induce specific mutations in the DNA of somatic cells in living animals. This breakthrough in genome modification opens new possibilities for therapeutic gene editing in adult organisms.

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Published on: August 21, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Triplex-forming oligonucleotides (TFOs) bind specific DNA sequences, enabling gene function modification.
  • Introducing mutations in somatic cells of living organisms remains a challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate that TFOs can induce site-specific mutations in somatic cells of adult mice.
  • To assess the efficacy of TFOs for genome modification in vivo.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized transgenic mice with supF and cII reporter genes for mutation detection.
  • Administered a supF-targeted TFO to experimental mice and a control oligomer to control mice.
  • Quantified mutation frequencies in the supF and cII genes.

Main Results:

  • Mice treated with the supF-targeted TFO showed a fivefold increase in mutation frequency in the supF gene compared to controls.
  • No significant mutations were observed in the control cII gene, indicating site specificity.
  • TFO-directed mutagenesis was successfully achieved in somatic cells of intact adult animals.

Conclusions:

  • TFOs can effectively induce targeted mutations in the genomes of somatic cells within living animals.
  • This study establishes a method for site-specific genome modification in vivo using TFOs.
  • The findings pave the way for potential therapeutic applications of TFOs in gene editing.