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Updated: Aug 1, 2026
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An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause
Published on: August 13, 2019
Oxidative stress, vitamin E and progestin breakthrough bleeding
S B Subakir1, O Abdul Madjid, S Sabariah
1Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta. faalui@makara.cso.ui.ac.id
Human Reproduction (Oxford, England)
|October 21, 2000
Summary
Progestin-only contraceptives like Norplant and DMPA may cause endometrial bleeding by increasing lipid peroxide and decreasing vitamin E. Vitamin E supplementation could counteract these effects.
Area of Science:
- Reproductive Endocrinology
- Contraception Research
- Oxidative Stress Biology
Background:
- Endometrial bleeding is a primary reason for discontinuing progestin-only contraceptives.
- Progestin-only contraceptives may disrupt endometrial angiogenic response.
- Oxidant-antioxidant imbalance is a potential cause for these disturbances.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the effect of progestin-only contraceptives on blood lipid peroxide and vitamin E levels.
- To examine the impact of vitamin E supplementation on endometrial angiogenic response in vitro.
- To compare endometrial angiogenic response in Norplant users, DMPA users, and controls.
Main Methods:
- Blood samples analyzed for lipid peroxide and vitamin E concentrations.
- Endometrial angiogenic response assessed using an endothelial cell migration assay.
- Study included Norplant users, depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) users, and control groups.
Main Results:
- Norplant users with bleeding issues had higher lipid peroxide levels than controls (P < 0.05).
- Vitamin E supplementation in vitro enhanced endometrial angiogenic score.
- Norplant and DMPA use for 3 months increased lipid peroxide and decreased vitamin E (P < 0.05).
- Endometrial angiogenic scores were significantly lower in Norplant and DMPA users versus controls (P < 0.02).
Conclusions:
- Progestin-only contraceptives may lead to endometrial cell damage and reduced angiogenic response due to increased lipid peroxide and decreased vitamin E.
- Vitamin E supplementation shows potential to mitigate these adverse effects of progestin-only contraceptives.
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