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The Evolution of Human Homosexual Behavior.

Kirkpatrick, Plato, Lévi-Strauss

    Current Anthropology
    |October 25, 2000
    PubMed
    Summary
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    Homosexuality is explored through evolutionary adaptation. Research suggests homosexual behavior may have evolved through reciprocal altruism and same-sex alliances, rather than kin selection or parental manipulation.

    Area of Science:

    • Evolutionary psychology
    • Anthropology
    • Behavioral biology

    Background:

    • Homosexuality presents an evolutionary paradox, challenging traditional measures of adaptedness based on reproductive success.
    • Understanding the evolutionary origins of non-reproductive homosexual behavior requires examining various adaptationist hypotheses.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review and compare three adaptationist hypotheses for the evolution of homosexuality.
    • To assess the evidence for kin selection, parental manipulation, and reciprocal altruism in explaining homosexual behavior.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of existing literature on evolutionary biology and anthropology.
    • Comparison of theoretical hypotheses with anthropological and behavioral data.

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    Main Results:

    • Limited evidence supports kin selection; homosexuals' offspring care does not appear to confer lineage reproductive advantage.
    • Parental manipulation hypothesis shows some support, with parental influence on offspring reproductive decisions and homosexual behavior.
    • Strongest support found for reciprocal altruism; same-sex sexual behavior may maintain alliances with reproductive advantages, as seen in nonhuman primates.

    Conclusions:

    • Homosexual behavior is partly an emergent quality of human same-sex affiliation, with roots in reciprocal altruism and alliance formation.
    • While adaptationist explanations offer insights, they do not fully account for human sexual behavior, which is also shaped by social and historical factors.