Thermodynamic picture of the glassy state gained from exactly solvable models

A picture for thermodynamics of the glassy state was introduced recently by us [Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 1317 (1997); 80, 5580 (1998)]. It starts by assuming that one extra parameter, the effective temperature, is needed to describe the glassy state. This approach connects responses of macroscopic observables to a field change with their temporal fluctuations, and with the fluctuation-dissipation relation, in a generalized, nonequilibrium way. Similar universal relations do not hold between energy fluctuations and the specific heat. In the present paper, the underlying arguments are discussed in greater length. The main part of the paper involves details of the exact dynamical solution of two simple models introduced recently: uncoupled harmonic oscillators subject to parallel Monte Carlo dynamics, and independent spherical spins in a random field with such dynamics. At low temperature, the relaxation time of both models diverges as an Arrhenius law, which causes glassy behavior in typical situations. In the glassy regime, we are able to verify the above-mentioned relations for the thermodynamics of the glassy state. In the course of the analysis, it is argued that stretched exponential behavior is not a fundamental property of the glassy state, though it may be useful for fitting in a limited parameter regime.