Apoptosis in cancer: cause and cure

S H Kaufmann1, G J Gores

  • 1Division of Oncology Research and Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Mayo Graduate School, Rochester, Minnesota, USA. Kaufmann.Scott@Mayo.edu

Insights

Cancer cells accumulate via increased proliferation or reduced cell death. Recent research clarifies how apoptosis alterations drive carcinogenesis and how inducing apoptosis can eliminate cancer cells, advancing molecular therapeutics.

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Neoplastic cell accumulation is a hallmark of cancer, driven by enhanced proliferation or diminished cell turnover.
  • The role of altered apoptotic machinery in carcinogenesis is increasingly understood through studies in animal models and clinical specimens.
  • Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a critical cellular process implicated in cancer development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in understanding the mechanisms of carcinogenesis related to apoptosis.
  • To explore the potential of molecular therapeutics that selectively induce apoptosis in neoplastic cells.
  • To integrate new insights into apoptotic pathways with existing knowledge of cancer development and treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature on apoptosis, carcinogenesis, and molecular therapeutics.
  • Analysis of findings from animal models and human cancer specimens.
  • Synthesis of information on the molecular mechanisms underlying apoptotic regulation in cancer.

Main Results:

  • Elucidation of specific mechanisms by which alterations in apoptotic pathways contribute to tumor development.
  • Demonstration of the feasibility of targeting apoptotic machinery for cancer therapy.
  • Identification of key molecular targets for inducing selective cancer cell death.

Conclusions:

  • Altered apoptosis is a significant factor in carcinogenesis, offering therapeutic opportunities.
  • Selective induction of apoptosis represents a promising strategy in molecular cancer therapeutics.
  • Further research into apoptotic pathways will likely yield novel approaches to cancer treatment.

Related Concept Videos

Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size reduction of the tissue.
The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against specific...
Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against specific...
Loss of Tumor Suppressor Gene Functions01:12

Loss of Tumor Suppressor Gene Functions

Tumor suppressor genes are normal genes that can slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or program the cells for apoptosis in case of irreparable damage. Hence, they play an essential role in preventing the proliferation of damaged cells.
When the tumor suppressor genes develop mutations or are lost, cells start growing out of control, leading to cancer. However, a single functional copy of the tumor suppressor gene is enough for the cells to maintain their normal functions and cell...
Cancer Therapies02:49

Cancer Therapies

Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
However, cancer treatments can pose several challenges, as therapies used to kill cancer cells are generally also toxic to normal cells. Moreover, cancer cells mutate rapidly and can develop resistance to chemical agents or radiation therapy. Besides, all types of cancer cells may not respond to the same therapy. Some cancer cells respond to one...