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Related Concept Videos

The Carbon Cycle01:14

The Carbon Cycle

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Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among living organisms, and one in which carbon is cycled over long periods of time through fossilized organic remains, weathering of rocks, and volcanic activity. Human activities, including increased agricultural practices and the burning of fossil fuels, has greatly affected the balance of the natural carbon cycle.
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Global Climate Change01:50

Global Climate Change

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Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
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Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Variation of Atmospheric Pressure01:18

Variation of Atmospheric Pressure

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Change in atmospheric pressure with height is particularly interesting. The decrease in atmospheric pressure with increasing altitude is due to the decreasing gravitational force per unit area as we move away from the surface of the earth.
Assuming the air temperature is constant at a given altitude and that the ideal gas law of thermodynamics describes the atmosphere to a good approximation, one can find the variation of atmospheric pressure with height.
Let p(y) be the atmospheric pressure at...
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Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Blood01:19

Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Blood

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Carbon dioxide (CO2) transport in the blood is critical to human physiology. On average, our body cells produce around 200 mL of CO2 per minute, precisely the quantity expelled by the lungs. This process involves the transportation of CO2 from the tissue cells to the lungs in three primary forms.
Forms of CO2 Transport
1. Dissolved in plasma: A small percentage (7-10%) of CO2 is transported and dissolved directly in the plasma.
2. Carbaminohemoglobin: Just over 20% of CO2 is chemically bound to...
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Microbes and Climate Change01:27

Microbes and Climate Change

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Microorganisms are pivotal agents in Earth's biogeochemical cycles, significantly influencing climate dynamics through their metabolic activities. These microbes modulate the levels of key greenhouse gases by both contributing to and helping mitigate climate change.Microbial Contributions to Greenhouse Gas EmissionsRising global temperatures accelerate microbial metabolism, which, in turn, speeds up the decomposition of organic matter. This process releases carbon dioxide (CO₂) through...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

A CO2 Concentration Gradient Facility for Testing CO2 Enrichment and Soil Effects on Grassland Ecosystem Function
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A CO2 Concentration Gradient Facility for Testing CO2 Enrichment and Soil Effects on Grassland Ecosystem Function

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Glacial/interglacial variations in atmospheric carbon dioxide.

D M Sigman1, E A Boyle

  • 1Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, New Jersey 08544, USA. sigman@princeton.edu

Nature
|November 1, 2000
PubMed
Summary

Atmospheric carbon dioxide levels were lower during ice ages. This study explores how Antarctic ocean processes, involving biology and physics, may explain this glacial-interglacial difference in CO2.

Area of Science:

  • Paleoclimatology
  • Oceanography
  • Biogeochemistry

Background:

  • Ice core data reveal lower atmospheric CO2 during past ice ages compared to present.
  • The ocean's biological pump, sequestering carbon via organic matter export, is a key focus for explaining these CO2 variations.
  • Existing hypotheses involve changes in nutrient availability and utilization in the global ocean.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of the Antarctic ocean in regulating atmospheric CO2 during glacial periods.
  • To test a hypothesis that enhanced nutrient utilization in the Antarctic influences the global carbon cycle.
  • To integrate biological and physical oceanographic processes in understanding past climate dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Focuses on a specific hypothesis concerning the Antarctic ocean's biological and physical processes.

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  • Examines nutrient utilization and carbon export in the Southern Ocean.
  • Integrates models of ocean physics and marine ecosystem functioning.

    • Main Results:

    • Presents a hypothesis centered on the Antarctic ocean's role in carbon sequestration.
    • Suggests increased efficiency of the biological pump in the Antarctic during glacial times.
    • Links Antarctic oceanographic changes to global atmospheric CO2 concentrations.

    Conclusions:

    • The Antarctic ocean's unique characteristics likely played a significant role in modulating atmospheric CO2 during ice ages.
    • Enhanced nutrient utilization in the Southern Ocean could be a critical factor in glacial carbon cycling.
    • Further research integrating Antarctic ocean physics and biology is crucial for a complete understanding of glacial CO2 drawdown.