Rapid-eye-movement sleep involves the memory-conversion circuits in a brain model

People can remember the content of a dream in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep but cannot do so in slow-wave sleep. According to a brain model, memory is stored in encoding synapses as presynaptic axonal 'on-off' patterns and modulating synapses help encoding synapses convert short-term memory into long-term memory. These lead to the hypothesis that REM sleep involves modulating synapses of the memory-conversion circuits including the anterior nuclei and dorsomedial nuclei of the thalamus. Cortical neurons get more rest in slow-wave sleep than in REM sleep. The locus coeruleus, raphe nuclei, and tuberomammillary nuclei get more rest during REM sleep when these nuclei cease to fire. The paralyses of peripheral muscles during REM sleep and cataplexy, and cessation of chorea, athetosis, hemiballismus, and parkinsonism tremor during sleep may result from spinal cord inhibition by the gigantocellular nuclei and raphe nuclei at the reticular formation. Sleep and wake relate to the light-dark cycle on the Earth. Were the light-dark cycle 50 hours a day, the human circadian clock might be around 50 hours. With increasing use of artificial light to keep people awake at night, it may affect the circadian rhythm and firing rate of neurons, the presynaptic axonal 'on-off' patterns as content of consciousness, and the mood.