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Respiratory problems in the adolescent with developmental delay
1Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
Adolescent Medicine (Philadelphia, Pa.)
|November 4, 2000
Summary
Individuals with developmental disorders often face respiratory issues due to neuromuscular dysfunction, leading to lung damage and increased infection risk. Management involves addressing aspiration, airway clearance, and preventive care for better pulmonary health.
Area of Science:
- Pediatric Pulmonology
- Neurology
- Developmental Pediatrics
Background:
- Patients with developmental disorders, including adolescents, present a broad spectrum of conditions, with cerebral palsy and traumatic brain injury being most prevalent.
- Neuromuscular dysfunction in these patients can lead to secondary respiratory complications like aspiration and ineffective cough, resulting in lung damage.
- Factors such as poor nutrition, impaired airway clearance, and spinal deformities exacerbate the risk of respiratory infections and related mortality.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review conditions adversely affecting airway and lung function in individuals with developmental disorders.
- To discuss the consequences of these insults, including disordered airway clearance, pneumonia, and sleep apnea.
- To highlight preventive strategies and interventions for ameliorating respiratory difficulties.
Main Methods:
- This is a review article, synthesizing existing knowledge on the topic.
- It discusses various conditions impacting respiratory health, such as drooling, feeding problems, gastroesophageal reflux, aspiration, spasticity, and scoliosis.
- It also examines the outcomes of these issues and relevant management approaches.
Main Results:
- Neuromuscular dysfunction is a key driver of respiratory problems in patients with developmental disorders.
- Aspiration, ineffective cough, and chronic lung disease (bronchopulmonary dysplasia) are significant contributors to pulmonary morbidity.
- Consequences include disordered airway clearance, increased susceptibility to pneumonia, and sleep apnea.
Conclusions:
- Respiratory complications are common in patients with developmental disorders, significantly impacting their health.
- Effective management requires addressing underlying conditions and implementing preventive measures.
- Interventions focusing on airway clearance, nutrition, exercise, dental hygiene, and surgical options can improve respiratory outcomes.