Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Gastrulation

Gastrulation

Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata will form...

Fixed Action Patterns

Fixed Action Patterns

A fixed action pattern (FAP) is a specific, hard-wired sequence of behaviors that occurs in response to an external stimulus, called a sign stimulus. The behavior is “fixed” because it is essentially unchangeable—proceeding similarly across individuals of a species every time it occurs.

The Colonization of Land

The Colonization of Land

Changes in the environment of the early Earth drove the evolution of organisms. As prokaryotic organisms in the oceans began to photosynthesize, they produced oxygen. Eventually, oxygen saturated the oceans and entered the air, resulting in an increase in atmospheric oxygen concentration, known as the oxygen revolution approximately 2.3 billion years ago. Therefore, organisms that could use oxygen for cellular respiration had an advantage. More than 1.5 years ago, eukaryotic cells and...

What is Evolutionary History?

What is Evolutionary History?

Scientists record evolutionary history by analyzing fossil, morphological, and genetic data. The fossil record documents the history of life on Earth and provides evidence for evolution. However, both fossil and living organisms offer evidence that outlines Earth’s evolutionary history.Phylogenetic trees illustrate the evolutionary relationships among these organisms. Scientists infer organisms’ common ancestry by evaluating shared morphological and genetic characteristics. Together, the fossil...

The Fossil Record

The Fossil Record

The fossil record documents only a small fraction of all organisms that have ever inhabited Earth. Fossilization is a rare process, and most organisms never become fossils. Moreover, the fossil record only exhibits fossils that have been discovered. Nevertheless, sedimentary rock fossils of long-lived, abundant, hard-bodied organisms dominate the fossil record. These fossils offer valuable information, such as an organism's physical form, behavior, and age. Studying the fossil record helps...

Convergent Evolution

Convergent Evolution

Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.The structures that arise from convergent evolution are called analogous structures. They are similar in function even if they are dissimilar in structure. Further, structures can be analogous while also...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Cold Pressor Testing and Sympathetic Nervous System Contribution to Ischemia with No Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease: Results from the Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation-Coronary Vascular Dysfunction Project.

American heart journal plus : cardiology research and practice·2022

Same author

THE LOSS OF THE OPHIDIAN MIDDLE EAR.

Evolution; international journal of organic evolution·2017

Same author

Coronary computed tomography angiography for the evaluation of patients with acute chest pain.

International journal of clinical practice·2011

Same author

Social networks--are they good for your health? The era of Facebook and Twitter.

QJM : monthly journal of the Association of Physicians·2011

Same author

SPECT/PET myocardial perfusion imaging versus coronary CT angiography in patients with known or suspected CAD.

The quarterly journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging : official publication of the Italian Association of Nuclear Medicine (AIMN) [and] the International Association of Radiopharmacology (IAR), [and] Section of the Society of...·2010

Same author

Modern nuclear cardiac imaging in diagnosis and clinical management of patients with left ventricular dysfunction.

Minerva cardioangiologica·2005

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Kinematics and Ground Reaction Force Determination: A Demonstration Quantifying Locomotor Abilities of Young Adult, Middle-aged, and Geriatric Rats

Kinematics and Ground Reaction Force Determination: A Demonstration Quantifying Locomotor Abilities of Young Adult, Middle-aged, and Geriatric Rats

Published on: February 23, 2011

Early Permian bipedal reptile.

D S Berman¹, R R Reisz, D Scott

¹Section of Vertebrate Paleontology, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 4400 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|November 4, 2000

Summary

A 290-million-year-old fossil reptile, Eudibamus cursoris, from Germany shows early cursorial bipedal locomotion. This discovery reveals the oldest known Parareptilia and bolosaurid distribution in Laurasia.

More Related Videos

A Novel Single Animal Motor Function Tracking System Using Simple, Readily Available Software

A Novel Single Animal Motor Function Tracking System Using Simple, Readily Available Software

Published on: August 31, 2018

Behavioral Tracking and Neuromast Imaging of Mexican Cavefish

Behavioral Tracking and Neuromast Imaging of Mexican Cavefish

Published on: April 6, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Kinematics and Ground Reaction Force Determination: A Demonstration Quantifying Locomotor Abilities of Young Adult, Middle-aged, and Geriatric Rats

Kinematics and Ground Reaction Force Determination: A Demonstration Quantifying Locomotor Abilities of Young Adult, Middle-aged, and Geriatric Rats

Published on: February 23, 2011

A Novel Single Animal Motor Function Tracking System Using Simple, Readily Available Software

A Novel Single Animal Motor Function Tracking System Using Simple, Readily Available Software

Published on: August 31, 2018

Behavioral Tracking and Neuromast Imaging of Mexican Cavefish

Behavioral Tracking and Neuromast Imaging of Mexican Cavefish

Published on: April 6, 2019

Area of Science:

Paleontology
Vertebrate Paleontology
Evolutionary Biology

Background:

The early evolution of reptiles and their locomotion is crucial for understanding amniote diversification.
Bolosauridae represents an early group of reptiles with a poorly understood distribution and ecological role.

Purpose of the Study:

To describe a new fossil reptile, Eudibamus cursoris, from the Lower Permian of Germany.
To investigate the locomotor capabilities and phylogenetic position of E. cursoris.
To provide insights into the early evolution and distribution of Parareptilia and Bolosauridae.

Main Methods:

Detailed morphological analysis of a well-preserved reptilian skeleton.
Comparative anatomical studies with other early reptiles.
Phylogenetic analysis to determine the position of E. cursoris within Amniota.

Main Results:

The 290-million-year-old skeleton represents Eudibamus cursoris, gen. et sp. nov., a small bolosaurid.
E. cursoris exhibits adaptations for cursorial bipedal locomotion, including a parasagittal digitigrade posture.
This finding confirms the presence of Bolosauridae in Laurasia during the Early Permian.
E. cursoris is identified as the oldest known member of Parareptilia.

Conclusions:

Eudibamus cursoris provides the earliest evidence for cursorial bipedalism in reptiles.
The discovery expands the known geographic range of Bolosauridae in the Early Permian.
E. cursoris represents the earliest known Parareptilia, shedding light on the diversification of this major reptilian clade.