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Related Experiment Videos

Gastrointestinal peptides in the brain.

E Straus, R S Yalow

    Federation Proceedings
    |August 1, 1979
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Cholecystokinin (CCK) peptides are found in brain neurons and synaptic vesicles, with a specific enzyme converting CCK. Lower CCK levels in obese mice suggest CCK

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    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Gastroenterology
    • Biochemistry

    Background:

    • Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a peptide hormone found in both the brain and gut.
    • CCK exists in various forms, including intact CCK33 and the active fragment CCK8.
    • Previous studies have suggested a role for CCK in appetite regulation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the presence and localization of CCK peptides in brain tissue.
    • To identify and characterize enzymes involved in CCK processing in the brain.
    • To explore the relationship between CCK levels and appetite regulation, particularly in obesity.

    Main Methods:

    • Immunoassay techniques to detect and quantify CCK33 and CCK8 in brain and gut extracts from various species.
    • Immunohistochemistry to visualize CCK peptide distribution in neurons.

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  • Subcellular fractionation and electron microscopy to determine CCK localization within neuronal compartments.
  • Enzyme purification and characterization to study CCK conversion.
  • Measurement of CCK levels in genetically obese mice (ob/ob) and their lean littermates.

    • Main Results:

    • CCK33 and CCK8 were detected in brain and gut extracts of monkey, dog, and pig, with species-specific differences in CCK33 detection.
    • CCK peptides were localized in rabbit cerebral cortical neurons and concentrated in synaptic vesicles in rat brain.
    • A novel enzyme, distinct from trypsin, was partially purified from canine and porcine brain extracts, capable of converting CCK to smaller forms.
    • Hyperphagic ob/ob mice exhibited significantly lower CCK content in their cerebral cortical extracts compared to lean littermates.

    Conclusions:

    • CCK peptides are present in brain neurons and synaptic vesicles, supporting a neurotransmitter role.
    • A specific brain enzyme facilitates CCK processing, distinct from known proteases like trypsin.
    • Reduced CCK levels in obese mice suggest a potential involvement of CCK in the regulation of appetite and the pathophysiology of obesity.