Advances in the surgical treatment of coronary artery disease

Several new surgical approaches to coronary artery disease revascularization have been developed to avoid the adverse effects associated with conventional coronary bypass graft surgery and the use of cardiopulmonary bypass. This article describes some of these approaches, including minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass graft surgery, port access surgery, hybrid of integrated coronary revascularization, radial artery and endoscopic vein harvesting, and transmyocardial revascularization. This article also identifies the nursing considerations for each of these surgeries.