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The Nitrogen Cycle

The Nitrogen Cycle

Nitrogen atoms, present in all proteins and DNA, are recycled between abiotic and biotic components of the ecosystem. However, the primary form of nitrogen on Earth is nitrogen gas, which cannot be used by most animals and plants. Thus, nitrogen gas must first be converted into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can be cycled through other living organisms. The use of nitrogen-containing fertilizers and animal waste products in human agriculture has greatly influenced the...

Conditions on Early Earth

Conditions on Early Earth

Around 4 billion years ago, oceans began to condense on earth while volcanic eruptions released nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, and hydrogen into the primordial atmosphere. However, organisms with the characteristics of life were not initially present on earth. Scientists have used experimentation to determine how organisms evolved that could grow, reproduce, and maintain an internal environment.

Noble Gases

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The elements in group 18 are noble gases (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon). They earned the name “noble” because they were assumed to be nonreactive since they have filled valence shells. In 1962, Dr. Neil Bartlett at the University of British Columbia proved this assumption to be false.

Conditions on Early Earth

Conditions on Early Earth

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Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates

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After filtration, the precipitate is washed to remove coprecipitated impurities and any remaining mother liquor. Colloidal precipitates, such as silver chloride, are washed with an electrolyte (such as dilute nitric acid) to prevent the peptization of the precipitate. In the case of slightly soluble precipitates, the wash solution contains a common ion to reduce solubility. Lead sulfate, which is slightly soluble in water, is washed with dilute sulfuric acid. Similarly, wash solutions may be...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 18, 2026

Experimental Methods of Dust Charging and Mobilization on Surfaces with Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation or Plasmas

Experimental Methods of Dust Charging and Mobilization on Surfaces with Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation or Plasmas

Published on: April 3, 2018

Solar wind record on the moon: deciphering presolar from planetary nitrogen.

K Hashizume¹, M Chaussidon, B Marty

¹Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques-CNRS, BP 20, 54501 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France. kohash@ess.sci.osaka-u.ac.jp

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|November 10, 2000

Summary

Solar wind nitrogen in lunar regolith is 15N-depleted, while a non-solar component is 15N-enriched. This suggests interstellar nitrogen compounds contributed to planetary nitrogen.

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Area of Science:

Cosmochemistry
Planetary Science
Isotope Geochemistry

Background:

Nitrogen isotopes in planetary bodies show variations from the protosolar gas.
Understanding nitrogen origins is key to planetary formation and evolution.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the isotopic composition of nitrogen in lunar regolith.
To determine the origin of nitrogen in planetary materials.

Main Methods:

Ion microprobe analyses of lunar regolith grains.
Analysis of nitrogen and hydrogen isotopes in different regolith components.

Main Results:

Solar wind nitrogen in lunar regolith is depleted in 15N by at least 24% compared to Earth's atmosphere.
A non-solar nitrogen component, associated with deuterium-rich hydrogen, shows 15N enrichment.
Terrestrial planets and meteorites exhibit a systematic 15N enrichment relative to protosolar gas.

Conclusions:

Simple nebular or planetary fractionation cannot explain observed 15N enrichments.
15N-rich compounds, likely of interstellar origin, must have contributed to planetary nitrogen.
These interstellar compounds may not have equilibrated with the 15N-depleted protosolar nebula.