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Qualitative Analysis

Qualitative Analysis

For solutions containing mixtures of different cations, the identity of each cation can be determined by qualitative analysis. This technique involves a series of selective precipitations with different chemical reagents, each reaction producing a characteristic precipitate for a specific group of cations. Metal ions within a group are further separated by varying the pH, heating the mixture to redissolve a precipitate, or adding other reagents to form complex ions.
For instance, group IV...

Crown Ethers

Crown Ethers

Crown ethers are cyclic polyethers that contain multiple oxygen atoms, usually arranged in a regular pattern. The first crown ether was synthesized by Charles Pederson while working at DuPont in 1967. For this work, Pedersen was co-awarded the 1987 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Crown ethers are named using the formula x-crown-y, where x is the total number of atoms in the ring and y is the number of ether oxygen atoms. The term 'crown' refers to the crown-like shape that these ether molecules take.

Ion Exchange

Ion Exchange

Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or basic...

Ion-Exchange Chromatography

Ion-Exchange Chromatography

Ion-exchange chromatography, or IEC, is a technique for separating ions based on their affinity for the stationary phase. The stationary phase is a cross-linked polymer resin with covalently attached ionic functional groups. The functional groups can be either positively charged (cation exchangers) or negatively charged (anion exchangers). A cation exchanger consists of a polymeric anion and active cations, while an anion exchanger is a polymeric cation with active anions. The choice of...

Size-Exclusion Chromatography

Size-Exclusion Chromatography

In size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), also known as molecular-exclusion or gel-permeation chromatography, molecules are separated based on their sizes. This technique is important for separating large molecules such as polymers and biomolecules. The two classes of micron-sized stationary phases encountered in SEC are silica particles and cross-linked polymer resin beads. Both materials are porous, but their pore sizes vary significantly.
Silica particles offer advantages such as rigidity,...

Capillary Electrophoresis: Applications

Capillary Electrophoresis: Applications

Capillary electrophoretic separations offer various modes, each with unique applications. These modes include capillary zone electrophoresis, capillary gel electrophoresis, capillary array electrophoresis, capillary isoelectric focusing, capillary isotachophoresis, micellar electrokinetic chromatography, and capillary electrochromatography.
Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) separates ionic components based on their electrophoretic mobility. It has been used to separate proteins, amino acids,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 26, 2026

Epitaxial Growth of Perovskite Strontium Titanate on Germanium via Atomic Layer Deposition

Epitaxial Growth of Perovskite Strontium Titanate on Germanium via Atomic Layer Deposition

Published on: July 26, 2016

Crown ether-doped sol-gel materials for strontium(II) separation

Yost, Fagan, Allain

Analytical Chemistry

|November 18, 2000

Summary

This study developed a novel hybrid sol-gel material for selective strontium (Sr2+) removal. The material efficiently captures Sr2+ even with competing ions present, offering a reusable solution for metal ion separation.

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Last Updated: Jul 26, 2026

Epitaxial Growth of Perovskite Strontium Titanate on Germanium via Atomic Layer Deposition

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Published on: July 26, 2016

Spark Plasma Sintering Apparatus Used for the Formation of Strontium Titanate Bicrystals

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Published on: February 9, 2017

Automated 90Sr Separation and Preconcentration in a Lab-on-Valve System at Ppq Level

Automated ⁹⁰Sr Separation and Preconcentration in a Lab-on-Valve System at Ppq Level

Published on: June 6, 2018

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Inorganic Chemistry
Environmental Chemistry

Background:

Crown ether ligands exhibit high affinity for specific metal ions, making them useful in separation processes.
Sol-gel methods offer versatile routes for synthesizing hybrid organic-inorganic materials with tailored properties.
Selective removal of strontium (Sr2+) is crucial in various applications, including nuclear waste management and environmental remediation.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a novel hybrid organic-inorganic sol-gel material for the selective capture of Sr2+.
To investigate the efficiency of the encapsulated crown ether ligand in Sr2+ separation from complex solutions.
To assess the regenerability and reusability of the developed sol-gel sorbent.

Main Methods:

Synthesis of hydrophilic SiO2 sol-gel matrix encapsulating the 1,4,10,13-tetraoxa-7,16-diazacyclooctadecane-7,16-bis(malonate) ligand (Na4oddm).
Testing the selective removal of Sr2+ from aqueous solutions containing competing ions like Ca2+.
Evaluating the recovery of Sr2+ and regeneration of the sorbent using acidic solutions or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt.

Main Results:

The hybrid sol-gel material demonstrated highly selective removal of Sr2+, achieving 91.4 +/- 1.3% efficiency even in the presence of excess Ca2+.
The encapsulated Na4oddm ligand effectively sequestered Sr2+ within the SiO2 matrix.
The Sr2+-loaded sol-gel sorbent was successfully regenerated using acid or chelating agents, allowing for multiple cycles of Sr2+ uptake.

Conclusions:

Hybrid organic/inorganic sol-gel materials incorporating encapsulated crown ether ligands provide an effective and selective method for Sr2+ removal.
This approach offers a promising alternative to traditional crown ether-based separation techniques like solvent extraction or grafted ligands.
The developed material exhibits excellent regenerability, highlighting its potential for sustainable metal ion separation applications.