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Do former smokers respond to nicotine differently from never smokers? A pilot study
J R Hughes1, G L Rose, P W Callas
1University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry, Burlington 05401-1419, USA. john.hughes@uvm.edu
Summary
Current smokers show greater nicotine preference and self-administration compared to former and never smokers. This study challenges theories on nicotine sensitivity and irreversible brain changes in addiction.
Area of Science:
- Addiction Research
- Neuroscience
- Pharmacology
Background:
- Understanding nicotine's role in smoking behavior is crucial for addiction research.
- Previous studies suggested differences in nicotine response between former and never smokers, but these findings require further validation.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate nicotine's subjective effects and reinforcing properties across different smoking groups.
- To compare nicotine gum preference and self-administration in current, former, and never smokers.
- To test theories regarding nicotine sensitivity and potential irreversible brain changes.
Main Methods:
- A randomized, double-blind, crossover design was employed with 30 participants (current, former, never smokers).
- Participants abstained from smoking for 16 hours and received varying doses of nicotine gum (0, 2, 4 mg).
- Subjective effects were assessed using POMS and ARCI; reinforcement was measured via gum preference, gum vs. money choices, and a self-administration test.
Main Results:
- Former and never smokers exhibited no significant differences in subjective effects or nicotine reinforcement.
- Current smokers demonstrated a higher preference for and self-administration of nicotine compared to former and never smokers.
- The study's findings contradict prior research suggesting differential nicotine responses between former and never smokers.
Conclusions:
- Nicotine reinforcement and subjective effects do not significantly differ between former and never smokers.
- Current smokers exhibit heightened nicotine preference and self-administration, indicating distinct responses compared to non-smokers.
- The results do not support theories suggesting predetermined nicotine sensitivity or irreversible brain changes leading to increased reinforcement in individuals predisposed to smoking.