Aged human muscle demonstrates an altered gene expression profile consistent with an impaired response to exercise

The gene expression profile of skeletal muscle from healthy older (62-75 years old) compared with younger (20-34 years old) men demonstrated elevated expression of genes typical of a stress or damage response, and decreased expression of a gene encoding a DNA repair/cell cycle checkpoint protein. Although the expression of these genes was relatively unaffected by a single bout of resistance exercise in older men, acute exercise altered gene expression in younger men such that post-exercise gene expression in younger men was similar to baseline gene expression in older men. The lack of response of muscle from older subjects to resistance exercise was also apparent in the expression of the inflammatory response gene IL-1beta, which did not differ between the age groups at baseline, but increased within 24 h of the exercise bout only in younger subjects. Other genes with potentially important roles in the adaptation of muscle to exercise, specifically in the processes of angiogenesis and cell proliferation, showed a similar response to exercise in older compared with younger subjects. Only one gene encoding the multifunctional, early growth response transcription factor EGR-1, showed an opposite pattern of expression in response to exercise, acutely decreasing in younger and increasing in older subjects. These results may provide a molecular basis for the inherent variability in the response of muscle from older as compared with younger individuals to resistance training.