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Related Concept Videos

Stereoisomerism02:52

Stereoisomerism

Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula.
Transition metal complexes often exist as geometric isomers, in which the same atoms are connected through the same types of bonds but with differences in their orientation in space. Coordination complexes with two different ligands in the cis and trans positions from a ligand of interest form isomers. For example, the octahedral [Co(NH3)4Cl2]+ ion has two isomers (Figure 1) In the cis...
Chirality02:25

Chirality

Chirality is a term that describes the lack of mirror symmetry in an object. In other words, chiral objects cannot be superposed on their mirror images. For example, our feet are chiral, as the mirror image of the left foot, the right foot, cannot be superposed on the left foot.
Chiral objects exhibit a sense of handedness when they interact with another chiral object. For example, our left foot can only fit in the left shoe and not in the right shoe. Achiral objects — objects that have...
Properties of Enantiomers and Optical Activity02:24

Properties of Enantiomers and Optical Activity

It is essential to understand the difference between chiral and achiral interactions and the implications thereof in optical activity and their applications. Just as our feet, which are chiral, interact uniquely with chiral objects, such as a pair of shoes, but identically with achiral socks, enantiomers of a molecule exhibit different properties only when they interact with other chiral media. An example of a significant implication from this facet is the phenomenon known as optical activity,...
Racemic Mixtures and the Resolution of Enantiomers02:30

Racemic Mixtures and the Resolution of Enantiomers

A racemic mixture, or racemate, is an equimolar mixture of enantiomers of a molecule that can be separated using their unique interaction with chiral molecules or media. Racemic mixtures are denoted by the (±)- prefix. This ‘optical rotation descriptor’ applies to the whole solution of a racemic mixture rather than a specific stereoisomer. Enantiomers typically have the same physical and chemical properties. Hence, they are not easily separable. However, enantiomers can exhibit different...
Ion Exchange01:17

Ion Exchange

Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or basic...
Ion-Exchange Chromatography01:09

Ion-Exchange Chromatography

Ion-exchange chromatography, or IEC, is a technique for separating ions based on their affinity for the stationary phase. The stationary phase is a cross-linked polymer resin with covalently attached ionic functional groups. The functional groups can be either positively charged (cation exchangers) or negatively charged (anion exchangers). A cation exchanger consists of a polymeric anion and active cations, while an anion exchanger is a polymeric cation with active anions. The choice of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding
06:44

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

Interlayer molecular exchange in an anticlinically ordered chiral liquid crystal

Zalar1, Gregorovic, Blinc

  • 1J. Stefan Institute, University of Ljubljana, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.

Physical Review. E, Statistical Physics, Plasmas, Fluids, and Related Interdisciplinary Topics
|November 23, 2000
PubMed
Summary

Interlayer molecular exchange in antiferroelectric smectic phases is significantly slower than in synclinic phases. This finding supports the entropic suppression model for anticlinic smectic ordering.

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Last Updated: Jul 11, 2026

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Measuring Magnetically-Tuned Ferroelectric Polarization in Liquid Crystals
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Measuring Magnetically-Tuned Ferroelectric Polarization in Liquid Crystals

Published on: August 15, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Liquid Crystal Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Antiferroelectric liquid crystals exhibit complex layer structures.
  • Understanding molecular dynamics within these phases is crucial for their applications.
  • Previous studies lacked detailed measurements of interlayer diffusion in antiferroelectric smectic phases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify the interlayer molecular exchange in the antiferroelectric smectic-C(A) phase.
  • To investigate the influence of anticlinic layer structure on molecular mobility.
  • To test the validity of the entropic suppression model for anticlinic ordering.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized quadrupolar deuteron Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) self-diffusion measurements.
  • Employed a spatially varying electric field gradient inherent to the anticlinic smectic structure.
  • Studied alphad(2) deuterated 4-(1-methylheptyloxycarbonyl)phenyl4'-octyloxybiphenyl-4-carboxylate.

Main Results:

  • Determined the interlayer self-diffusion coefficient in the antiferroelectric smectic-C(A) phase.
  • Observed interlayer diffusion coefficients two orders of magnitude smaller compared to synclinically ordered smectic phases.
  • Provided quantitative evidence for restricted interlayer molecular mobility.

Conclusions:

  • The reduced interlayer diffusion supports the entropic suppression model for the origin of anticlinic smectic ordering.
  • The applied NMR technique offers a novel method for probing local structures in liquid crystal phases.
  • This research provides new insights into the dynamics of antiferroelectric liquid crystals.